{"id":3564,"date":"2019-06-09T03:14:36","date_gmt":"2019-06-09T03:14:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/english.bashariyat.org\/?p=3564"},"modified":"2019-06-10T16:01:48","modified_gmt":"2019-06-10T16:01:48","slug":"united-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-change-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/english.bashariyat.org\/?p=3564","title":{"rendered":"United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change"},"content":{"rendered":"

The Parties to this Convention,
\nAcknowledging<\/strong> <\/em>that change in the Earth\u2019s climate and its adverse effects are a common
\nconcern of humankind,<\/p>\n

Concerned<\/strong> <\/em>that human activities have been substantially increasing the atmospheric
\nconcentrations of greenhouse gases, that these increases enhance the natural greenhouse effect,
\nand that this will result on average in an additional warming of the Earth\u2019s surface and
\natmosphere and may adversely affect natural ecosystems and humankind,<\/p>\n

Noting<\/strong> <\/em>that the largest share of historical and current global emissions of greenhouse
\ngases has originated in developed countries, that per capita emissions in developing countries are
\nstill relatively low and that the share of global emissions originating in developing countries will
\ngrow to meet their social and development needs,<\/p>\n

Aware<\/strong><\/em> of the role and importance in terrestrial and marine ecosystems of sinks and
\nreservoirs of greenhouse gases,<\/p>\n

Noting<\/strong> <\/em>that there are many uncertainties in predictions of climate change, particularly
\nwith regard to the timing, magnitude and regional patterns thereof,<\/p>\n

Acknowledging<\/strong> <\/em>that the global nature of climate change calls for the widest possible
\ncooperation by all countries and their participation in an effective and appropriate international
\nresponse, in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective
\ncapabilities and their social and economic conditions,<\/p>\n

Recalling<\/strong> <\/em>the pertinent provisions of the Declaration of the United Nations Conference
\non the Human Environment, adopted at Stockholm on 16 June 1972,<\/p>\n

Recalling<\/strong> <\/em>also that States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and
\nthe principles of international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to
\ntheir own environmental and developmental policies, and the responsibility to ensure that
\nactivities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other
\nStates or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction,<\/p>\n

Reaffirming<\/strong> <\/em>the principle of sovereignty of States in international cooperation to address
\nclimate change,<\/p>\n

Recognizing<\/strong> <\/em>that States should enact effective environmental legislation, that
\nenvironmental standards, management objectives and priorities should reflect the environmental
\nand developmental context to which they apply, and that standards applied by some countries
\nmay be inappropriate and of unwarranted economic and social cost to other countries, in
\nparticular developing countries,<\/p>\n

Recalling<\/strong> <\/em>the provisions of General Assembly resolution 44\/228 of 22 December 1989
\non the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, and resolutions 43\/53
\nof 6 December 1988, 44\/207 of 22 December 1989, 45\/212 of 21 December 1990 and 46\/169
\nof 19 December 1991 on protection of global climate for present and future generations of
\nmankind,<\/p>\n

Recalling<\/strong> <\/em>also the provisions of General Assembly resolution 44\/206 of
\n22 December 1989 on the possible adverse effects of sea-level rise on islands and coastal
\nareas, particularly low-lying coastal areas and the pertinent provisions of General Assembly
\nresolution 44\/172 of 19 December 1989 on the implementation of the Plan of Action to
\nCombat Desertification,<\/p>\n

Recalling<\/strong> <\/em>further the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 1985,
\nand the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 1987, as adjusted and
\namended on 29 June 1990,<\/p>\n

Noting<\/strong> <\/em>the Ministerial Declaration of the Second World Climate Conference adopted
\non 7 November 1990,<\/p>\n

Conscious<\/strong> <\/em>of the valuable analytical work being conducted by many States on climate
\nchange and of the important contributions of the World Meteorological Organization, the
\nUnited Nations Environment Program and other organs, organizations and bodies of the
\nUnited Nations system, as well as other international and intergovernmental bodies, to the
\nexchange of results of scientific research and the coordination of research,<\/p>\n

Recognizing<\/strong> <\/em>that steps required to understand and address climate change will be
\nenvironmentally, socially and economically most effective if they are based on relevant
\nscientific, technical and economic considerations and continually re-evaluated in the light of
\nnew findings in these areas,<\/p>\n

Recognizing<\/strong> <\/em>that various actions to address climate change can be justified economically
\nin their own right and can also help in solving other environmental problems,<\/p>\n

Recognizing<\/strong> <\/em>also the need for developed countries to take immediate action in a flexible
\nmanner on the basis of clear priorities, as a first step towards comprehensive response strategies
\nat the global, national and, where agreed, regional levels that take into account all greenhouse
\ngases, with due consideration of their relative contributions to the enhancement of the
\ngreenhouse effect,<\/p>\n

Recognizing<\/strong> <\/em>further that low-lying and other small island countries, countries with
\nlow-lying coastal, arid and semi-arid areas or areas liable to floods, drought and desertification,
\nand developing countries with fragile mountainous ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to the
\nadverse effects of climate change,<\/p>\n

Recognizing<\/strong> <\/em>the special difficulties of those countries, especially developing countries,
\nwhose economies are particularly dependent on fossil fuel production, use and exportation, as a
\nconsequence of action taken on limiting greenhouse gas emissions,<\/p>\n

Affirming<\/strong> <\/em>that responses to climate change should be coordinated with social and
\neconomic development in an integrated manner with a view to avoiding adverse impacts on
\nthe latter, taking into full account the legitimate priority needs of developing countries for the
\nachievement of sustained economic growth and the eradication of poverty,<\/p>\n

Recognizing<\/strong> <\/em>that all countries, especially developing countries, need access to resources
\nrequired to achieve sustainable social and economic development and that, in order for
\ndeveloping countries to progress towards that goal, their energy consumption will need to grow
\ntaking into account the possibilities for achieving greater energy efficiency and for controlling
\ngreenhouse gas emissions in general, including through the application of new technologies on
\nterms which make such an application economically and socially beneficial,<\/p>\n

Determined<\/strong> <\/em>to protect the climate system for present and future generations,
\nHave agreed as follows:<\/p>\n

Article 1<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nDEFINITIONS<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nFor the purposes of this Convention:
\n1. \u201cAdverse effects of climate change\u201d means changes in the physical environment or biota
\nresulting from climate change which have significant deleterious effects on the composition,
\nresilience or productivity of natural and managed ecosystems or on the operation of
\nsocio-economic systems or on human health and welfare.
\n2. \u201cClimate change\u201d means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to
\nhuman activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to
\nnatural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.
\n3. \u201cClimate system\u201d means the totality of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and
\ngeosphere and their interactions.
\n4. \u201cEmissions\u201d means the release of greenhouse gases and\/or their precursors into the
\natmosphere over a specified area and period of time.
\n5. \u201cGreenhouse gases\u201d means those gaseous constituents of the atmosphere, both natural
\nand anthropogenic, that absorb and re-emit infrared radiation.
\n6. \u201cRegional economic integration organization\u201d means an organization constituted by
\nsovereign States of a given region which has competence in respect of matters governed by this
\nConvention or its protocols and has been duly authorized, in accordance with its internal
\nprocedures, to sign, ratify, accept, approve or accede to the instruments concerned.<\/p>\n

7. \u201cReservoir\u201d means a component or components of the climate system where a
\ngreenhouse gas or a precursor of a greenhouse gas is stored.
\n8. \u201cSink\u201d means any process, activity or mechanism which removes a greenhouse gas, an
\naerosol or a precursor of a greenhouse gas from the atmosphere.
\n9. \u201cSource\u201d means any process or activity which releases a greenhouse gas, an aerosol or a
\nprecursor of a greenhouse gas into the atmosphere.<\/p>\n

Article 2<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nOBJECTIVE<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nThe ultimate objective of this Convention and any related legal instruments that the
\nConference of the Parties may adopt is to achieve, in accordance with the relevant provisions of
\nthe Convention, stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that
\nwould prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Such a level
\nshould be achieved within a time frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to
\nclimate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic
\ndevelopment to proceed in a sustainable manner.<\/p>\n

Article 3<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nPRINCIPLES<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nIn their actions to achieve the objective of the Convention and to implement its
\nprovisions, the Parties shall be guided, inter alia, by the following:
\n1. The Parties should protect the climate system for the benefit of present and future
\ngenerations of humankind, on the basis of equity and in accordance with their common but
\ndifferentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. Accordingly, the developed country
\nParties should take the lead in combating climate change and the adverse effects thereof.
\n2. The specific needs and special circumstances of developing country Parties, especially
\nthose that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, and of those
\nParties, especially developing country Parties, that would have to bear a disproportionate or
\nabnormal burden under the Convention, should be given full consideration.
\n3. The Parties should take precautionary measures to anticipate, prevent or minimize the
\ncauses of climate change and mitigate its adverse effects. Where there are threats of serious or
\nirreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing
\nsuch measures, taking into account that policies and measures to deal with climate change should
\nbe cost-effective so as to ensure global benefits at the lowest possible cost. To achieve this,
\nsuch policies and measures should take into account different socio-economic contexts, be
\ncomprehensive, cover all relevant sources, sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases and
\nadaptation, and comprise all economic sectors. Efforts to address climate change may be carried
\nout cooperatively by interested Parties.
\n4. The Parties have a right to, and should, promote sustainable development. Policies and
\nmeasures to protect the climate system against human-induced change should be appropriate
\nfor the specific conditions of each Party and should be integrated with national development
\nprograms, taking into account that economic development is essential for adopting measures
\nto address climate change.
\n5. The Parties should cooperate to promote a supportive and open international economic
\nsystem that would lead to sustainable economic growth and development in all Parties,
\nparticularly developing country Parties, thus enabling them better to address the problems of
\nclimate change. Measures taken to combat climate change, including unilateral ones, should not
\nconstitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination or a disguised restriction on
\ninternational trade.<\/p>\n

Article 4<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nCOMMITMENTS<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\n1. All Parties, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and their
\nspecific national and regional development priorities, objectives and circumstances, shall:<\/p>\n

(a) Develop, periodically update, publish and make available to the Conference of
\nthe Parties, in accordance with Article 12, national inventories of anthropogenic emissions by
\nsources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol,
\nusing comparable methodologies to be agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties;
\n(b) Formulate, implement, publish and regularly update national and, where
\nappropriate, regional programs containing measures to mitigate climate change by
\naddressing anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases
\nnot controlled by the Montreal Protocol, and measures to facilitate adequate adaptation to
\nclimate change;
\n(c) Promote and cooperate in the development, application and diffusion,
\nincluding transfer, of technologies, practices and processes that control, reduce or prevent
\nanthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol in all
\nrelevant sectors, including the energy, transport, industry, agriculture, forestry and waste
\nmanagement sectors;
\n(d) Promote sustainable management, and promote and cooperate in the conservation
\nand enhancement, as appropriate, of sinks and reservoirs of all greenhouse gases not controlled
\nby the Montreal Protocol, including biomass, forests and oceans as well as other terrestrial,
\ncoastal and marine ecosystems;
\n(e) Cooperate in preparing for adaptation to the impacts of climate change; develop
\nand elaborate appropriate and integrated plans for coastal zone management, water resources and
\nagriculture, and for the protection and rehabilitation of areas, particularly in Africa, affected by
\ndrought and desertification, as well as floods;
\n(f) Take climate change considerations into account, to the extent feasible, in their
\nrelevant social, economic and environmental policies and actions, and employ appropriate
\nmethods, for example impact assessments, formulated and determined nationally, with a view
\nto minimizing adverse effects on the economy, on public health and on the quality of
\nthe environment, of projects or measures undertaken by them to mitigate or adapt to climate
\nchange;
\n(g) Promote and cooperate in scientific, technological, technical, socio-economic and
\nother research, systematic observation and development of data archives related to the climate
\nsystem and intended to further the understanding and to reduce or eliminate the remaining
\nuncertainties regarding the causes, effects, magnitude and timing of climate change and the
\neconomic and social consequences of various response strategies;
\n(h) Promote and cooperate in the full, open and prompt exchange of relevant
\nscientific, technological, technical, socio-economic and legal information related to the climate
\nsystem and climate change, and to the economic and social consequences of various response
\nstrategies;
\n(i) Promote and cooperate in education, training and public awareness related to
\nclimate change and encourage the widest participation in this process, including that of
\nnon-governmental organizations; and
\n(j) Communicate to the Conference of the Parties information related to
\nimplementation, in accordance with Article 12.<\/p>\n

2. The developed country Parties and other Parties included in Annex I commit themselves
\nspecifically as provided for in the following:<\/p>\n

(a) Each of these Parties shall adopt national
\npolicies and take corresponding
\nmeasures on the mitigation of climate change, by limiting its anthropogenic emissions of
\ngreenhouse gases and protecting and enhancing its greenhouse gas sinks and reservoirs. These
\npolicies and measures will demonstrate that developed countries are taking the lead in modifying
\nlonger-term trends in anthropogenic emissions consistent with the objective of the Convention,
\nrecognizing that the return by the end of the present decade to earlier levels of anthropogenic
\nemissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol
\nwould contribute to such modification, and taking into account the differences in these Parties\u2019
\nstarting points and approaches, economic structures and resource bases, the need to maintain
\nstrong and sustainable economic growth, available technologies and other individual
\ncircumstances, as well as the need for equitable and appropriate contributions by each of these
\nParties to the global effort regarding that objective. These Parties may implement such
\npolicies and measures jointly with other Parties and may assist other Parties in contributing
\nto the achievement of the objective of the Convention and, in particular, that of this
\nsubparagraph;<\/p>\n

This includes policies and measures adopted by regional economic integration organizations.
\n(b) In order to promote progress to this end, each of these Parties shall communicate,
\nwithin six months of the entry into force of the Convention for it and periodically thereafter, and
\nin accordance with Article 12, detailed information on its policies and measures referred to in
\nsubparagraph (a) above, as well as on its resulting projected anthropogenic emissions by sources
\nand removals by sinks of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol for the
\nperiod referred to in subparagraph (a), with the aim of returning individually or jointly to
\ntheir 1990 levels these anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases
\nnot controlled by the Montreal Protocol. This information will be reviewed by the Conference of
\nthe Parties, at its first session and periodically thereafter, in accordance with Article 7;
\n(c) Calculations of emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases
\nfor the purposes of subparagraph (b) above should take into account the best available scientific
\nknowledge, including of the effective capacity of sinks and the respective contributions of such
\ngases to climate change. The Conference of the Parties shall consider and agree on
\nmethodologies for these calculations at its first session and review them regularly thereafter;
\n(d) The Conference of the Parties shall, at its first session, review the adequacy of
\nsubparagraphs (a) and (b) above. Such review shall be carried out in the light of the best
\navailable scientific information and assessment on climate change and its impacts, as well as
\nrelevant technical, social and economic information. Based on this review, the Conference of
\nthe Parties shall take appropriate action, which may include the adoption of amendments to the
\ncommitments in subparagraphs (a) and (b) above. The Conference of the Parties, at its first
\nsession, shall also take decisions regarding criteria for joint implementation as indicated in
\nsubparagraph (a) above. A second review of subparagraphs (a) and (b) shall take place not later
\nthan 31 December 1998, and thereafter at regular intervals determined by the Conference of the
\nParties, until the objective of the Convention is met;
\n(e) Each of these Parties shall:<\/p>\n

(i) coordinate as appropriate with other such Parties, relevant economic and
\nadministrative instruments developed to achieve the objective of the
\nConvention; and
\n(ii) identify and periodically review its own policies and practices which
\nencourage activities that lead to greater levels of anthropogenic emissions
\nof greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol than would
\notherwise occur;<\/p>\n

(f) The Conference of the Parties shall review, not later than 31 December 1998,
\navailable information with a view to taking decisions regarding such amendments to the lists
\nin Annexes I and II as may be appropriate, with the approval of the Party concerned;
\n(g) Any Party not included in Annex I may, in its instrument of ratification,
\nacceptance, approval or accession, or at any time thereafter, notify the Depositary that it intends
\nto be bound by subparagraphs (a) and (b) above. The Depositary shall inform the other
\nsignatories and Parties of any such notification.<\/p>\n

3. The developed country Parties and other developed Parties included in Annex II shall
\nprovide new and additional financial resources to meet the agreed full costs incurred by
\ndeveloping country Parties in complying with their obligations under Article 12, paragraph 1.
\nThey shall also provide such financial resources, including for the transfer of technology, needed
\nby the developing country Parties to meet the agreed full incremental costs of implementing
\nmeasures that are covered by paragraph 1 of this Article and that are agreed between a
\ndeveloping country Party and the international entity or entities referred to in Article 11, in
\naccordance with that Article. The implementation of these commitments shall take into account
\nthe need for adequacy and predictability in the flow of funds and the importance of appropriate
\nburden sharing among the developed country Parties.
\n4. The developed country Parties and other developed Parties included in Annex II shall
\nalso assist the developing country Parties that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of
\nclimate change in meeting costs of adaptation to those adverse effects.
\n5. The developed country Parties and other developed Parties included in Annex II shall
\ntake all practicable steps to promote, facilitate and finance, as appropriate, the transfer of, or
\naccess to, environmentally sound technologies and know-how to other Parties, particularly
\ndeveloping country Parties, to enable them to implement the provisions of the Convention. In
\nthis process, the developed country Parties shall support the development and enhancement of
\nendogenous capacities and technologies of developing country Parties. Other Parties and
\norganizations in a position to do so may also assist in facilitating the transfer of such
\ntechnologies.
\n6. In the implementation of their commitments under paragraph 2 above, a certain degree of
\nflexibility shall be allowed by the Conference of the Parties to the Parties included in Annex I
\nundergoing the process of transition to a market economy, in order to enhance the ability of these
\nParties to address climate change, including with regard to the historical level of anthropogenic
\nemissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol chosen as a reference.
\n7. The extent to which developing country Parties will effectively implement their
\ncommitments under the Convention will depend on the effective implementation by developed
\ncountry Parties of their commitments under the Convention related to financial resources and
\ntransfer of technology and will take fully into account that economic and social development and
\npoverty eradication are the first and overriding priorities of the developing country Parties.
\n8. In the implementation of the commitments in this Article, the Parties shall give full
\nconsideration to what actions are necessary under the Convention, including actions related to
\nfunding, insurance and the transfer of technology, to meet the specific needs and concerns of
\ndeveloping country Parties arising from the adverse effects of climate change and\/or the impact
\nof the implementation of response measures, especially on:<\/p>\n

(a) Small island countries;
\n(b) Countries with low-lying coastal areas;
\n(c) Countries with arid and semi-arid areas, forested areas and areas liable to forest
\ndecay;
\n(d) Countries with areas prone to natural disasters;
\n(e) Countries with areas liable to drought and desertification;
\n(f) Countries with areas of high urban atmospheric pollution;
\n(g) Countries with areas with fragile ecosystems, including mountainous ecosystems;
\n(h) Countries whose economies are highly dependent on income generated from the
\nproduction, processing and export, and\/or on consumption of fossil fuels and associated
\nenergy-intensive products; and
\n(i) Landlocked and transit countries.<\/p>\n

Further, the Conference of the Parties may take actions, as appropriate, with respect to this
\nparagraph.
\n9. The Parties shall take full account of the specific needs and special situations of the least
\ndeveloped countries in their actions with regard to funding and transfer of technology.
\n10. The Parties shall, in accordance with Article 10, take into consideration in the
\nimplementation of the commitments of the Convention the situation of Parties, particularly
\ndeveloping country Parties, with economies that are vulnerable to the adverse effects of the
\nimplementation of measures to respond to climate change. This applies notably to Parties with
\neconomies that are highly dependent on income generated from the production, processing and
\nexport, and\/or consumption of fossil fuels and associated energy-intensive products and\/or the
\nuse of fossil fuels for which such Parties have serious difficulties in switching to alternatives.<\/p>\n

Article 5<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nRESEARCH AND SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATION<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nIn carrying out their commitments under Article 4, paragraph 1 (g), the Parties shall:
\n(a) Support and further develop, as appropriate, international and intergovernmental
\nprograms and networks or organizations aimed at defining, conducting, assessing and
\nfinancing research, data collection and systematic observation, taking into account the need to
\nminimize duplication of effort;
\n(b) Support international and intergovernmental efforts to strengthen systematic
\nobservation and national scientific and technical research capacities and capabilities, particularly
\nin developing countries, and to promote access to, and the exchange of, data and analyses thereof
\nobtained from areas beyond national jurisdiction; and
\n(c) Take into account the particular concerns and needs of developing countries and
\ncooperate in improving their endogenous capacities and capabilities to participate in the efforts
\nreferred to in subparagraphs (a) and (b) above.<\/p>\n

Article 6<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nEDUCATION, TRAINING AND PUBLIC AWARENESS<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nIn carrying out their commitments under Article 4, paragraph 1 (i), the Parties shall:
\n(a) Promote and facilitate at the national and, as appropriate, subregional and regional
\nlevels, and in accordance with national laws and regulations, and within their respective
\ncapacities:<\/p>\n

(i) the development and implementation of educational and public awareness
\nprograms on climate change and its effects;
\n(ii) public access to information on climate change and its effects;
\n(iii) public participation in addressing climate change and its effects and
\ndeveloping adequate responses; and
\n(iv) training of scientific, technical and managerial personnel;<\/p>\n

(b) Cooperate in and promote, at the international level, and, where appropriate, using
\nexisting bodies:<\/p>\n

(i) the development and exchange of educational and public awareness
\nmaterial on climate change and its effects; and
\n(ii) the development and implementation of education and training
\nprograms, including the strengthening of national institutions and the
\nexchange or secondment of personnel to train experts in this field, in
\nparticular for developing countries.<\/p>\n

Article 7<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nCONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\n1. A Conference of the Parties is hereby established.
\n2. The Conference of the Parties, as the supreme body of this Convention, shall keep under
\nregular review the implementation of the Convention and any related legal instruments that the
\nConference of the Parties may adopt, and shall make, within its mandate, the decisions necessary
\nto promote the effective implementation of the Convention. To this end, it shall:<\/p>\n

(a) Periodically examine the obligations of the Parties and the institutional
\narrangements under the Convention, in the light of the objective of the Convention, the
\nexperience gained in its implementation and the evolution of scientific and technological
\nknowledge;
\n(b) Promote and facilitate the exchange of information on measures adopted by the
\nParties to address climate change and its effects, taking into account the differing circumstances,
\nresponsibilities and capabilities of the Parties and their respective commitments under the
\nConvention;
\n(c) Facilitate, at the request of two or more Parties, the coordination of measures
\nadopted by them to address climate change and its effects, taking into account the differing
\ncircumstances, responsibilities and capabilities of the Parties and their respective commitments
\nunder the Convention;
\n(d) Promote and guide, in accordance with the objective and provisions of the
\nConvention, the development and periodic refinement of comparable methodologies, to be
\nagreed on by the Conference of the Parties, inter alia, for preparing inventories of greenhouse gas
\nemissions by sources and removals by sinks, and for evaluating the effectiveness of measures to
\nlimit the emissions and enhance the removals of these gases;
\n(e) Assess, on the basis of all information made available to it in accordance with the
\nprovisions of the Convention, the implementation of the Convention by the Parties, the overall
\neffects of the measures taken pursuant to the Convention, in particular environmental, economic
\nand social effects as well as their cumulative impacts and the extent to which progress towards
\nthe objective of the Convention is being achieved;
\n(f) Consider and adopt regular reports on the implementation of the Convention and
\nensure their publication;
\n(g) Make recommendations on any matters necessary for the implementation of the
\nConvention;
\n(h) Seek to mobilize financial resources in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 3, 4
\nand 5, and Article 11;
\n(i) Establish such subsidiary bodies as are deemed necessary for the implementation
\nof the Convention;
\n(j) Review reports submitted by its subsidiary bodies and provide guidance to them;
\n(k) Agree upon and adopt, by consensus, rules of procedure and financial rules for
\nitself and for any subsidiary bodies;
\n(l) Seek and utilize, where appropriate, the services and cooperation of, and
\ninformation provided by, competent international organizations and intergovernmental and
\nnon-governmental bodies; and
\n(m) Exercise such other functions as are required for the achievement of the objective
\nof the Convention as well as all other functions assigned to it under the Convention.<\/p>\n

3. The Conference of the Parties shall, at its first session, adopt its own rules of procedure
\nas well as those of the subsidiary bodies established by the Convention, which shall include
\ndecision-making procedures for matters not already covered by decision-making procedures
\nstipulated in the Convention. Such procedures may include specified majorities required for the
\nadoption of particular decisions.
\n4. The first session of the Conference of the Parties shall be convened by the interim
\nsecretariat referred to in Article 21 and shall take place not later than one year after the date of
\nentry into force of the Convention. Thereafter, ordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties
\nshall be held every year unless otherwise decided by the Conference of the Parties.
\n5. Extraordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties shall be held at such other times
\nas may be deemed necessary by the Conference, or at the written request of any Party, provided
\nthat, within six months of the request being communicated to the Parties by the secretariat, it is
\nsupported by at least one third of the Parties.
\n6. The United Nations, its specialized agencies and the International Atomic Energy
\nAgency, as well as any State member thereof or observers thereto not Party to the Convention,
\nmay be represented at sessions of the Conference of the Parties as observers. Any body or
\nagency, whether national or international, governmental or non-governmental, which is qualified
\nin matters covered by the Convention, and which has informed the secretariat of its wish to be
\nrepresented at a session of the Conference of the Parties as an observer, may be so admitted
\nunless at least one third of the Parties present object. The admission and participation of
\nobservers shall be subject to the rules of procedure adopted by the Conference of the Parties.<\/p>\n

Article 8<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nSECRETARIAT<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\n1. A secretariat is hereby established.
\n2. The functions of the secretariat shall be:<\/p>\n

(a) To make arrangements for sessions of the Conference of the Parties and its
\nsubsidiary bodies established under the Convention and to provide them with services as
\nrequired;
\n(b) To compile and transmit reports submitted to it;
\n(c) To facilitate assistance to the Parties, particularly developing country Parties, on
\nrequest, in the compilation and communication of information required in accordance with the
\nprovisions of the Convention;
\n(d) To prepare reports on its activities and present them to the Conference of the
\nParties;
\n(e) To ensure the necessary coordination with the secretariats of other relevant
\ninternational bodies;
\n(f) To enter, under the overall guidance of the Conference of the Parties, into such
\nadministrative and contractual arrangements as may be required for the effective discharge of its
\nfunctions; and
\n(g) To perform the other secretariat functions specified in the Convention and in any
\nof its protocols and such other functions as may be determined by the Conference of the Parties.<\/p>\n

3. The Conference of the Parties, at its first session, shall designate a permanent secretariat
\nand make arrangements for its functioning.<\/p>\n

Article 9<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nSUBSIDIARY BODY FOR SCIENTIFIC AND <\/strong><\/em><\/span>TECHNOLOGICAL ADVICE<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\n1. A subsidiary body for scientific and technological advice is hereby established to provide
\nthe Conference of the Parties and, as appropriate, its other subsidiary bodies with timely
\ninformation and advice on scientific and technological matters relating to the Convention. This
\nbody shall be open to participation by all Parties and shall be multidisciplinary. It shall comprise
\ngovernment representatives competent in the relevant field of expertise. It shall report regularly
\nto the Conference of the Parties on all aspects of its work.
\n2. Under the guidance of the Conference of the Parties, and drawing upon existing
\ncompetent international bodies, this body shall:<\/p>\n

(a) Provide assessments of the state of scientific knowledge relating to climate
\nchange and its effects;
\n(b) Prepare scientific assessments on the effects of measures taken in the
\nimplementation of the Convention;
\n(c) Identify innovative, efficient and state-of-the-art technologies and know-how and
\nadvise on the ways and means of promoting development and\/or transferring such technologies;
\n(d) Provide advice on scientific programs, international cooperation in research
\nand development related to climate change, as well as on ways and means of supporting
\nendogenous capacity-building in developing countries; and
\n(e) Respond to scientific, technological and methodological questions that the
\nConference of the Parties and its subsidiary bodies may put to the body.<\/p>\n

3. The functions and terms of reference of this body may be further elaborated by the
\nConference of the Parties.<\/p>\n

Article 10<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nSUBSIDIARY BODY FOR IMPLEMENTATION<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\n1. A subsidiary body for implementation is hereby established to assist the Conference of
\nthe Parties in the assessment and review of the effective implementation of the Convention. This
\nbody shall be open to participation by all Parties and comprise government representatives who
\nare experts on matters related to climate change. It shall report regularly to the Conference of
\nthe Parties on all aspects of its work.
\n2. Under the guidance of the Conference of the Parties, this body shall:<\/p>\n

(a) Consider the information communicated in accordance with Article 12,
\nparagraph 1, to assess the overall aggregated effect of the steps taken by the Parties in the
\nlight of the latest scientific assessments concerning climate change;
\n(b) Consider the information communicated in accordance with Article 12,
\nparagraph 2, in order to assist the Conference of the Parties in carrying out the reviews required
\nby Article 4, paragraph 2 (d); and
\n(c) Assist the Conference of the Parties, as appropriate, in the preparation and
\nimplementation of its decisions.<\/p>\n

Article 11<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nFINANCIAL MECHANISM<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\n1. A mechanism for the provision of financial resources on a grant or concessional basis,
\nincluding for the transfer of technology, is hereby defined. It shall function under the guidance
\nof and be accountable to the Conference of the Parties, which shall decide on its policies,
\nprogram priorities and eligibility criteria related to this Convention. Its operation shall be
\nentrusted to one or more existing international entities.
\n2. The financial mechanism shall have an equitable and balanced representation of all
\nParties within a transparent system of governance.
\n3. The Conference of the Parties and the entity or entities entrusted with the operation of the
\nfinancial mechanism shall agree upon arrangements to give effect to the above paragraphs,
\nwhich shall include the following:<\/p>\n

(a) Modalities to ensure that the funded projects to address climate change are in
\nconformity with the policies, program priorities and eligibility criteria established by the
\nConference of the Parties;
\n(b) Modalities by which a particular funding decision may be reconsidered in light of
\nthese policies, program priorities and eligibility criteria;
\n(c) Provision by the entity or entities of regular reports to the Conference of the
\nParties on its funding operations, which is consistent with the requirement for accountability set
\nout in paragraph 1 above; and
\n(d) Determination in a predictable and identifiable manner of the amount of funding
\nnecessary and available for the implementation of this Convention and the conditions under
\nwhich that amount shall be periodically reviewed.<\/p>\n

4. The Conference of the Parties shall make arrangements to implement the
\nabove-mentioned provisions at its first session, reviewing and taking into account the interim
\narrangements referred to in Article 21, paragraph 3, and shall decide whether these interim
\narrangements shall be maintained. Within four years thereafter, the Conference of the Parties
\nshall review the financial mechanism and take appropriate measures.
\n5. The developed country Parties may also provide and developing country Parties avail
\nthemselves of, financial resources related to the implementation of the Convention through
\nbilateral, regional and other multilateral channels.<\/p>\n

Article 12<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nCOMMUNICATION OF INFORMATION RELATED TO IMPLEMENTATION<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\n1. In accordance with Article 4, paragraph 1, each Party shall communicate to the
\nConference of the Parties, through the secretariat, the following elements of information:<\/p>\n

(a) A national inventory of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by
\nsinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, to the extent its capacities
\npermit, using comparable methodologies to be promoted and agreed upon by the Conference of
\nthe Parties;
\n(b) A general description of steps taken or envisaged by the Party to implement the
\nConvention; and
\n(c) Any other information that the Party considers relevant to the achievement of the
\nobjective of the Convention and suitable for inclusion in its communication, including, if
\nfeasible, material relevant for calculations of global emission trends.<\/p>\n

2. Each developed country Party and each other Party included in Annex I shall incorporate
\nin its communication the following elements of information:<\/p>\n

(a) A detailed description of the policies and measures that it has adopted to
\nimplement its commitment under Article 4, paragraphs 2 (a) and 2 (b); and
\n(b) A specific estimate of the effects that the policies and measures referred to in
\nsubparagraph (a) immediately above will have on anthropogenic emissions by its sources and
\nremovals by its sinks of greenhouse gases during the period referred to in Article 4,
\nparagraph 2 (a).<\/p>\n

3. In addition, each developed country Party and each other developed Party included
\nin Annex II shall incorporate details of measures taken in accordance with Article 4,
\nparagraphs 3, 4 and 5.
\n4. Developing country Parties may, on a voluntary basis, propose projects for financing,
\nincluding specific technologies, materials, equipment, techniques or practices that would be
\nneeded to implement such projects, along with, if possible, an estimate of all incremental costs,
\nof the reductions of emissions and increments of removals of greenhouse gases, as well as an
\nestimate of the consequent benefits.
\n5. Each developed country Party and each other Party included in Annex I shall make its
\ninitial communication within six months of the entry into force of the Convention for that Party.
\nEach Party not so listed shall make its initial communication within three years of the entry into
\nforce of the Convention for that Party, or of the availability of financial resources in accordance
\nwith Article 4, paragraph 3. Parties that are least developed countries may make their initial
\ncommunication at their discretion. The frequency of subsequent communications by all Parties
\nshall be determined by the Conference of the Parties, taking into account the differentiated
\ntimetable set by this paragraph.
\n6. Information communicated by Parties under this Article shall be transmitted by the
\nsecretariat as soon as possible to the Conference of the Parties and to any subsidiary bodies
\nconcerned. If necessary, the procedures for the communication of information may be further
\nconsidered by the Conference of the Parties.
\n7. From its first session, the Conference of the Parties shall arrange for the provision to
\ndeveloping country Parties of technical and financial support, on request, in compiling and
\ncommunicating information under this Article, as well as in identifying the technical and
\nfinancial needs associated with proposed projects and response measures under Article 4. Such
\nsupport may be provided by other Parties, by competent international organizations and by the
\nsecretariat, as appropriate.
\n8. Any group of Parties may, subject to guidelines adopted by the Conference of the Parties,
\nand to prior notification to the Conference of the Parties, make a joint communication in
\nfulfillment of their obligations under this Article, provided that such a communication includes
\ninformation on the fulfillment by each of these Parties of its individual obligations under the
\nConvention.
\n9. Information received by the secretariat that is designated by a Party as confidential, in
\naccordance with criteria to be established by the Conference of the Parties, shall be aggregated
\nby the secretariat to protect its confidentiality before being made available to any of the bodies
\ninvolved in the communication and review of information.
\n10. Subject to paragraph 9 above, and without prejudice to the ability of any Party to make
\npublic its communication at any time, the secretariat shall make communications by Parties
\nunder this Article publicly available at the time they are submitted to the Conference of the
\nParties.<\/p>\n

Article 13<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nRESOLUTION OF QUESTIONS REGARDING IMPLEMENTATION<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nThe Conference of the Parties shall, at its first session, consider the establishment of a
\nmultilateral consultative process, available to Parties on their request, for the resolution of
\nquestions regarding the implementation of the Convention.<\/p>\n

Article 14<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nSETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\n1. In the event of a dispute between any two or more Parties concerning the interpretation or
\napplication of the Convention, the Parties concerned shall seek a settlement of the dispute
\nthrough negotiation or any other peaceful means of their own choice.
\n2. When ratifying, accepting, approving or acceding to the Convention, or at any time
\nthereafter, a Party which is not a regional economic integration organization may declare in a
\nwritten instrument submitted to the Depositary that, in respect of any dispute concerning the
\ninterpretation or application of the Convention, it recognizes as compulsory ipso facto and
\nwithout special agreement, in relation to any Party accepting the same obligation:<\/p>\n

(a) Submission of the dispute to the International Court of Justice; and\/or
\n(b) Arbitration in accordance with procedures to be adopted by the Conference of the
\nParties as soon as practicable, in an annex on arbitration.<\/p>\n

A Party which is a regional economic integration organization may make a declaration with like
\neffect in relation to arbitration in accordance with the procedures referred to in subparagraph (b)
\nabove.
\n3. A declaration made under paragraph 2 above shall remain in force until it expires in
\naccordance with its terms or until three months after written notice of its revocation has been
\ndeposited with the Depositary.
\n4. A new declaration, a notice of revocation or the expiry of a declaration shall not in any
\nway affect proceedings pending before the International Court of Justice or the arbitral tribunal,
\nunless the parties to the dispute otherwise agree.
\n5. Subject to the operation of paragraph 2 above, if after twelve months following
\nnotification by one Party to another that a dispute exists between them, the Parties concerned
\nhave not been able to settle their dispute through the means mentioned in paragraph 1 above, the
\ndispute shall be submitted, at the request of any of the parties to the dispute, to conciliation.
\n6. A conciliation commission shall be created upon the request of one of the parties to the
\ndispute. The commission shall be composed of an equal number of members appointed by each
\nparty concerned and a chairman chosen jointly by the members appointed by each party. The
\ncommission shall render a recommendatory award, which the parties shall consider in good faith.
\n7. Additional procedures relating to conciliation shall be adopted by the Conference of the
\nParties, as soon as practicable, in an annex on conciliation.
\n8. The provisions of this Article shall apply to any related legal instrument which the
\nConference of the Parties may adopt, unless the instrument provides otherwise.<\/p>\n

Article 15<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nAMENDMENTS TO THE CONVENTION<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\n1. Any Party may propose amendments to the Convention.
\n2. Amendments to the Convention shall be adopted at an ordinary session of the Conference
\nof the Parties. The text of any proposed amendment to the Convention shall be communicated to
\nthe Parties by the secretariat at least six months before the meeting at which it is proposed for
\nadoption. The secretariat shall also communicate proposed amendments to the signatories to the
\nConvention and, for information, to the Depositary.
\n3. The Parties shall make every effort to reach agreement on any proposed amendment to
\nthe Convention by consensus. If all efforts at consensus have been exhausted, and no agreement
\nreached, the amendment shall as a last resort be adopted by a three-fourths majority vote of the
\nParties present and voting at the meeting. The adopted amendment shall be communicated by
\nthe secretariat to the Depositary, who shall circulate it to all Parties for their acceptance.
\n4. Instruments of acceptance in respect of an amendment shall be deposited with the
\nDepositary. An amendment adopted in accordance with paragraph 3 above shall enter into
\nforce for those Parties having accepted it on the ninetieth day after the date of receipt by the
\nDepositary of an instrument of acceptance by at least three fourths of the Parties to the
\nConvention.
\n5. The amendment shall enter into force for any other Party on the ninetieth day after the
\ndate on which that Party deposits with the Depositary its instrument of acceptance of the said
\namendment.
\n6. For the purposes of this Article, \u201cParties present and voting\u201d means Parties present and
\ncasting an affirmative or negative vote.<\/p>\n

Article 16<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nADOPTION AND AMENDMENT OF ANNEXES TO THE CONVENTION<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\n1. Annexes to the Convention shall form an integral part thereof and, unless otherwise
\nexpressly provided, a reference to the Convention constitutes at the same time a reference to any
\nannexes thereto. Without prejudice to the provisions of Article 14, paragraphs 2 (b) and 7, such
\nannexes shall be restricted to lists, forms and any other material of a descriptive nature that is of
\na scientific, technical, procedural or administrative character.
\n2. Annexes to the Convention shall be proposed and adopted in accordance with the
\nprocedure set forth in Article 15, paragraphs 2, 3 and 4.
\n3. An annex that has been adopted in accordance with paragraph 2 above shall enter into
\nforce for all Parties to the Convention six months after the date of the communication by the
\nDepositary to such Parties of the adoption of the annex, except for those Parties that have
\nnotified the Depositary, in writing, within that period of their non-acceptance of the annex. The
\nannex shall enter into force for Parties which withdraw their notification of non-acceptance on
\nthe ninetieth day after the date on which withdrawal of such notification has been received by the
\nDepositary.
\n4. The proposal, adoption and entry into force of amendments to annexes to the Convention
\nshall be subject to the same procedure as that for the proposal, adoption and entry into force of
\nannexes to the Convention in accordance with paragraphs 2 and 3 above.
\n5. If the adoption of an annex or an amendment to an annex involves an amendment to the
\nConvention, that annex or amendment to an annex shall not enter into force until such time as the
\namendment to the Convention enters into force.<\/p>\n

Article 17<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nPROTOCOLS<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\n1. The Conference of the Parties may, at any ordinary session, adopt protocols to the
\nConvention.
\n2. The text of any proposed protocol shall be communicated to the Parties by the secretariat
\nat least six months before such a session.
\n3. The requirements for the entry into force of any protocol shall be established by that
\ninstrument.
\n4. Only Parties to the Convention may be Parties to a protocol.
\n5. Decisions under any protocol shall be taken only by the Parties to the protocol concerned.<\/p>\n

Article 18<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nRIGHT TO VOTE<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\n1. Each Party to the Convention shall have one vote, except as provided for in paragraph 2
\nbelow.
\n2. Regional economic integration organizations, in matters within their competence, shall
\nexercise their right to vote with a number of votes equal to the number of their member States
\nthat are Parties to the Convention. Such an organization shall not exercise its right to vote if any
\nof its member States exercises its right, and vice versa.<\/p>\n

Article 19<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nDEPOSITARY<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nThe Secretary-General of the United Nations shall be the Depositary of the Convention
\nand of protocols adopted in accordance with Article 17.<\/p>\n

Article 20<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nSIGNATURE<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nThis Convention shall be open for signature by States Members of the United Nations or
\nof any of its specialized agencies or that are Parties to the Statute of the International Court of
\nJustice and by regional economic integration organizations at Rio de Janeiro, during the
\nUnited Nations Conference on Environment and Development, and thereafter at United Nations
\nHeadquarters in New York from 20 June 1992 to 19 June 1993.<\/p>\n

Article 21<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nINTERIM ARRANGEMENTS<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\n1. The secretariat functions referred to in Article 8 will be carried out on an interim
\nbasis by the secretariat established by the General Assembly of the United Nations in its
\nresolution 45\/212 of 21 December 1990, until the completion of the first session of the
\nConference of the Parties.
\n2. The head of the interim secretariat referred to in paragraph 1 above will cooperate closely
\nwith the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to ensure that the Panel can respond to the
\nneed for objective scientific and technical advice. Other relevant scientific bodies could also be
\nconsulted.
\n3. The Global Environment Facility of the United Nations Development Program, the
\nUnited Nations Environment Program and the International Bank for Reconstruction and
\nDevelopment shall be the international entity entrusted with the operation of the financial
\nmechanism referred to in Article 11 on an interim basis. In this connection, the Global
\nEnvironment Facility should be appropriately restructured and its membership made universal to
\nenable it to fulfill the requirements of Article 11.<\/p>\n

Article 22<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nRATIFICATION, ACCEPTANCE, APPROVAL OR ACCESSION<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\n1. The Convention shall be subject to ratification, acceptance, approval or accession by
\nStates and by regional economic integration organizations. It shall be open for accession from
\nthe day after the date on which the Convention is closed for signature. Instruments of
\nratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be deposited with the Depositary.
\n2. Any regional economic integration organization which becomes a Party to the
\nConvention without any of its member States being a Party shall be bound by all the obligations
\nunder the Convention. In the case of such organizations, one or more of whose member States is
\na Party to the Convention, the organization and its member States shall decide on their respective
\nresponsibilities for the performance of their obligations under the Convention. In such cases, the
\norganization and the member States shall not be entitled to exercise rights under the Convention
\nconcurrently.
\n3. In their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, regional economic
\nintegration organizations shall declare the extent of their competence with respect to the matters
\ngoverned by the Convention. These organizations shall also inform the Depositary, who shall in
\nturn inform the Parties, of any substantial modification in the extent of their competence.<\/p>\n

Article 23<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nENTRY INTO FORCE<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\n1. The Convention shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after the date of deposit of the
\nfiftieth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.
\n2. For each State or regional economic integration organization that ratifies, accepts or
\napproves the Convention or accedes thereto after the deposit of the fiftieth instrument of
\nratification, acceptance, approval or accession, the Convention shall enter into force on the
\nninetieth day after the date of deposit by such State or regional economic integration
\norganization of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.
\n3. For the purposes of paragraphs 1 and 2 above, any instrument deposited by a regional
\neconomic integration organization shall not be counted as additional to those deposited by States
\nmembers of the organization.<\/p>\n

Article 24<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nRESERVATIONS<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nNo reservations may be made to the Convention.<\/p>\n

Article 25<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nWITHDRAWAL<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\n1. At any time after three years from the date on which the Convention has entered into
\nforce for a Party, that Party may withdraw from the Convention by giving written notification to
\nthe Depositary.
\n2. Any such withdrawal shall take effect upon expiry of one year from the date of receipt by
\nthe Depositary of the notification of withdrawal, or on such later date as may be specified in the
\nnotification of withdrawal.
\n3. Any Party that withdraws from the Convention shall be considered as also having
\nwithdrawn from any protocol to which it is a Party.<\/p>\n

Article 26<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nAUTHENTIC TEXTS<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nThe original of this Convention, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian
\nand Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the
\nUnited Nations.<\/p>\n

IN WITNESS WHEREOF<\/strong> the undersigned, being duly authorized to that effect, have
\nsigned this Convention.
\nDONE<\/strong> at New York this ninth day of May one thousand nine hundred and ninety-two.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The Parties to this Convention, Acknowledging that change in the Earth\u2019s climate and its adverse effects are a common concern of humankind, Concerned that human activities have been substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, that these increases enhance the natural greenhouse effect, and that this will result on average in an additional warming … <\/p>\n

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