{"id":3528,"date":"2019-06-06T23:05:07","date_gmt":"2019-06-06T23:05:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/english.bashariyat.org\/?p=3528"},"modified":"2019-06-10T16:20:09","modified_gmt":"2019-06-10T16:20:09","slug":"paris-agreement","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/english.bashariyat.org\/?p=3528","title":{"rendered":"Paris Agreement"},"content":{"rendered":"

The Parties to this Agreement,<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Being<\/strong><\/em> Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
\nChange, hereinafter referred to as “the Convention”,<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Pursuant<\/strong><\/em> to the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action established by
\ndecision of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention at its
\nseventeenth session,<\/p>\n

In pursuit<\/strong> of the objective of the Convention, and being guided by its
\nprinciples, including the principle of equity and common but differentiated
\nresponsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national
\ncircumstances,<\/p>\n

Recognizing<\/strong><\/em> the need for an effective and progressive response to the
\nurgent threat of climate change on the basis of the best available scientific
\nknowledge,<\/p>\n

Also<\/strong><\/em> recognizing the specific needs and special circumstances of
\ndeveloping country Parties, especially those that are particularly vulnerable to the
\nadverse effects of climate change, as provided for in the Convention,<\/p>\n

Taking<\/strong><\/em> full account of the specific needs and special situations of the least
\ndeveloped countries with regard to funding and transfer of technology,<\/p>\n

Recognizing<\/strong><\/em> that Parties may be affected not only by climate change, but
\nalso by the impacts of the measures taken in response to it,<\/p>\n

Emphasizing<\/strong><\/em> the intrinsic relationship that climate change actions,
\nresponses and impacts have with equitable access to sustainable development and
\neradication of poverty,<\/p>\n

Recognizing<\/strong><\/em> the fundamental priority of safeguarding food security and
\nending hunger, and the particular vulnerabilities of food production systems to the
\nadverse impacts of climate change,<\/p>\n

Taking<\/strong><\/em> into account the imperatives of a just transition of the workforce and
\nthe creation of decent work and quality jobs in accordance with nationally defined
\ndevelopment priorities,<\/p>\n

Acknowledging<\/strong><\/em> that climate change is a common concern of humankind,
\nParties should, when taking action to address climate change, respect, promote and
\nconsider their respective obligations on human rights, the right to health, the rights
\nof indigenous peoples, local communities, migrants, children, persons with
\ndisabilities and people in vulnerable situations and the right to development, as
\nwell as gender equality, empowerment of women and intergenerational equity,<\/p>\n

Recognizing<\/strong><\/em> the importance of the conservation and enhancement, as
\nappropriate, of sinks and reservoirs of the greenhouse gases referred to in the
\nConvention,<\/p>\n

Noting<\/strong><\/em> the importance of ensuring the integrity of all ecosystems, including
\noceans, and the protection of biodiversity, recognized by some cultures as Mother
\nEarth, and noting the importance for some of the concept of “climate justice”,
\nwhen taking action to address climate change,<\/p>\n

Affirming<\/strong><\/em> the importance of education, training, public awareness, public
\nparticipation, public access to information and cooperation at all levels on the
\nmatters addressed in this Agreement,<\/p>\n

Recognizing<\/strong><\/em> the importance of the engagements of all levels of government
\nand various actors, in accordance with respective national legislations of Parties, in
\naddressing climate change,<\/p>\n

Also<\/strong><\/em> recognizing that sustainable lifestyles and sustainable patterns of
\nconsumption and production, with developed country Parties taking the lead, play
\nan important role in addressing climate change,<\/p>\n

Have agreed as follows:<\/p>\n

Article 1<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nFor the purpose of this Agreement, the definitions contained in Article 1 of
\nthe Convention shall apply. In addition:
\n(a) “Convention” means the United Nations Framework Convention on
\nClimate Change, adopted in New York on 9 May 1992;
\n(b) “Conference of the Parties” means the Conference of the Parties to the
\nConvention;
\n(c) “Party” means a Party to this Agreement.<\/p>\n

Article 2<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\n1. This Agreement, in enhancing the implementation of the Convention,
\nincluding its objective, aims to strengthen the global response to the threat of
\nclimate change, in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate
\npoverty, including by:<\/p>\n

(a) Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below
\n2\u00b0C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature
\nincrease to 1.5\u00b0C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would
\nsignificantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change;
\n(b) Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate
\nchange and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions
\ndevelopment, in a manner that does not threaten food production; and
\n(c) Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low
\ngreenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development.<\/p>\n

2. This Agreement will be implemented to reflect equity and the principle of
\ncommon but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light
\nof different national circumstances.<\/p>\n

Article 3<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nAs nationally determined contributions to the global response to climate
\nchange, all Parties are to undertake and communicate ambitious efforts as defined
\nin Articles 4, 7, 9, 10, 11 and 13 with the view to achieving the purpose of this
\nAgreement as set out in Article 2. The efforts of all Parties will represent a
\nprogression over time, while recognizing the need to support developing country
\nParties for the effective implementation of this Agreement.<\/p>\n

Article 4<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\n1. In order to achieve the long-term temperature goal set out in Article 2,
\nParties aim to reach global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as
\npossible, recognizing that peaking will take longer for developing country Parties,
\nand to undertake rapid reductions thereafter in accordance with best available
\nscience, so as to achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources
\nand removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of this century, on the
\nbasis of equity, and in the context of sustainable development and efforts to
\neradicate poverty.
\n2. Each Party shall prepare, communicate and maintain successive nationally
\ndetermined contributions that it intends to achieve. Parties shall pursue domestic
\nmitigation measures, with the aim of achieving the objectives of such
\ncontributions.
\n3. Each Party’s successive nationally determined contribution will represent a
\nprogression beyond the Party’s then current nationally determined contribution and
\nreflect its highest possible ambition, reflecting its common but differentiated
\nresponsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national
\ncircumstances.
\n4. Developed country Parties should continue taking the lead by undertaking
\neconomy-wide absolute emission reduction targets. Developing country Parties
\nshould continue enhancing their mitigation efforts, and are encouraged to move
\nover time towards economy-wide emission reduction or limitation targets in the
\nlight of different national circumstances.
\n5. Support shall be provided to developing country Parties for the
\nimplementation of this Article, in accordance with Articles 9, 10 and 11,
\nrecognizing that enhanced support for developing country Parties will allow for
\nhigher ambition in their actions.
\n6. The least developed countries and small island developing States may
\nprepare and communicate strategies, plans and actions for low greenhouse gas
\nemissions development reflecting their special circumstances.
\n7. Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and\/or
\neconomic diversification plans can contribute to mitigation outcomes under this
\nArticle.
\n8. In communicating their nationally determined contributions, all Parties shall
\nprovide the information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding in
\naccordance with decision and any relevant decisions of the Conference of
\nthe Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Agreement.
\n9. Each Party shall communicate a nationally determined contribution every
\nfive years in accordance with decision and any relevant decisions of the
\nConference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Agreement
\nand be informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake referred to in Article 14.
\n10. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this
\nAgreement shall consider common time frames for nationally determined
\ncontributions at its first session.
\n11. A Party may at any time adjust its existing nationally determined
\ncontribution with a view to enhancing its level of ambition, in accordance with
\nguidance adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
\nParties to this Agreement.
\n12. Nationally determined contributions communicated by Parties shall be
\nrecorded in a public registry maintained by the secretariat.
\n13. Parties shall account for their nationally determined contributions. In
\naccounting for anthropogenic emissions and removals corresponding to their
\nnationally determined contributions, Parties shall promote environmental integrity,
\ntransparency, accuracy, completeness, comparability and consistency, and ensure
\nthe avoidance of double counting, in accordance with guidance adopted by the
\nConference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Agreement.
\n14. In the context of their nationally determined contributions, when recognizing
\nand implementing mitigation actions with respect to anthropogenic emissions and
\nremovals, Parties should take into account, as appropriate, existing methods and
\nguidance under the Convention, in the light of the provisions of paragraph 13 of
\nthis Article.
\n15. Parties shall take into consideration in the implementation of this Agreement
\nthe concerns of Parties with economies most affected by the impacts of response
\nmeasures, particularly developing country Parties.
\n16. Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their
\nmember States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under paragraph 2 of
\nthis Article shall notify the secretariat of the terms of that agreement, including the
\nemission level allocated to each Party within the relevant time period, when they
\ncommunicate their nationally determined contributions. The secretariat shall in turn
\ninform the Parties and signatories to the Convention of the terms of that agreement.
\n17. Each party to such an agreement shall be responsible for its emission level as
\nset out in the agreement referred to in paragraph 16 of this Article in accordance
\nwith paragraphs 13 and 14 of this Article and Articles 13 and 15.
\n18. If Parties acting jointly do so in the framework of, and together with, a
\nregional economic integration organization which is itself a Party to this
\nAgreement, each member State of that regional economic integration organization
\nindividually, and together with the regional economic integration organization,
\nshall be responsible for its emission level as set out in the agreement
\ncommunicated under paragraph 16 of this Article in accordance with paragraphs 13
\nand 14 of this Article and Articles 13 and 15.
\n19. All Parties should strive to formulate and communicate long-term low
\ngreenhouse gas emission development strategies, mindful of Article 2 taking into
\naccount their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities,
\nin the light of different national circumstances.<\/p>\n

Article 5<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\n1. Parties should take action to conserve and enhance, as appropriate, sinks and
\nreservoirs of greenhouse gases as referred to in Article 4, paragraph 1 (d), of the
\nConvention, including forests.
\n2. Parties are encouraged to take action to implement and support, including
\nthrough results-based payments, the existing framework as set out in related
\nguidance and decisions already agreed under the Convention for: policy approaches
\nand positive incentives for activities relating to reducing emissions from
\ndeforestation and forest degradation, and the role of conservation, sustainable
\nmanagement of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing
\ncountries; and alternative policy approaches, such as joint mitigation and
\nadaptation approaches for the integral and sustainable management of forests,
\nwhile reaffirming the importance of incentivizing, as appropriate, non-carbon
\nbenefits associated with such approaches.<\/p>\n

Article 6<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\n1. Parties recognize that some Parties choose to pursue voluntary cooperation
\nin the implementation of their nationally determined contributions to allow for
\nhigher ambition in their mitigation and adaptation actions and to promote
\nsustainable development and environmental integrity.
\n2. Parties shall, where engaging on a voluntary basis in cooperative approaches
\nthat involve the use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes towards
\nnationally determined contributions, promote sustainable development and ensure
\nenvironmental integrity and transparency, including in governance, and shall apply
\nrobust accounting to ensure, inter alia, the avoidance of double counting, consistent
\nwith guidance adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of
\nthe Parties to this Agreement.
\n3. The use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes to achieve
\nnationally determined contributions under this Agreement shall be voluntary and
\nauthorized by participating Parties.
\n4. A mechanism to contribute to the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions
\nand support sustainable development is hereby established under the authority and
\nguidance of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to
\nthis Agreement for use by Parties on a voluntary basis. It shall be supervised by a
\nbody designated by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
\nParties to this Agreement, and shall aim:<\/p>\n

(a) To promote the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions while
\nfostering sustainable development;
\n(b) To incentivize and facilitate participation in the mitigation of
\ngreenhouse gas emissions by public and private entities authorized by a Party;
\n(c) To contribute to the reduction of emission levels in the host Party,
\nwhich will benefit from mitigation activities resulting in emission reductions that
\ncan also be used by another Party to fulfill its nationally determined contribution;
\nand
\n(d) To deliver an overall mitigation in global emissions.<\/p>\n

5. Emission reductions resulting from the mechanism referred to in paragraph 4
\nof this Article shall not be used to demonstrate achievement of the host Party’s
\nnationally determined contribution if used by another Party to demonstrate
\nachievement of its nationally determined contribution.
\n6. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this
\nAgreement shall ensure that a share of the proceeds from activities under the
\nmechanism referred to in paragraph 4 of this Article is used to cover administrative
\nexpenses as well as to assist developing country Parties that are particularly
\nvulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change to meet the costs of adaptation.
\n7. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this
\nAgreement shall adopt rules, modalities and procedures for the mechanism referred
\nto in paragraph 4 of this Article at its first session.
\n8. Parties recognize the importance of integrated, holistic and balanced
\nnon-market approaches being available to Parties to assist in the implementation of
\ntheir nationally determined contributions, in the context of sustainable development
\nand poverty eradication, in a coordinated and effective manner, including through,
\ninter alia, mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology transfer and capacity building, as appropriate. These approaches shall aim to:<\/p>\n

(a) Promote mitigation and adaptation ambition;
\n(b) Enhance public and private sector participation in the implementation
\nof nationally determined contributions; and
\n(c) Enable opportunities for coordination across instruments and relevant
\ninstitutional arrangements.<\/p>\n

9. A framework for non-market approaches to sustainable development is
\nhereby defined to promote the non-market approaches referred to in paragraph 8 of
\nthis Article.<\/p>\n

Article 7<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\n1. Parties hereby establish the global goal on adaptation of enhancing adaptive
\ncapacity, strengthening resilience and reducing vulnerability to climate change,
\nwith a view to contributing to sustainable development and ensuring an adequate
\nadaptation response in the context of the temperature goal referred to in Article 2.
\n2. Parties recognize that adaptation is a global challenge faced by all with local,
\nsubnational, national, regional and international dimensions, and that it is a key
\ncomponent of and makes a contribution to the long-term global response to climate
\nchange to protect people, livelihoods and ecosystems, taking into account the
\nurgent and immediate needs of those developing country Parties that are
\nparticularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change.
\n3. The adaptation efforts of developing country Parties shall be recognized, in
\naccordance with the modalities to be adopted by the Conference of the Parties
\nserving as the meeting of the Parties to this Agreement at its first session.
\n4. Parties recognize that the current need for adaptation is significant and that
\ngreater levels of mitigation can reduce the need for additional adaptation efforts,
\nand that greater adaptation needs can involve greater adaptation costs.
\n5. Parties acknowledge that adaptation action should follow a country-driven,
\ngender-responsive, participatory and fully transparent approach, taking into
\nconsideration vulnerable groups, communities and ecosystems, and should be
\nbased on and guided by the best available science and, as appropriate, traditional
\nknowledge, knowledge of indigenous peoples and local knowledge systems, with a
\nview to integrating adaptation into relevant socioeconomic and environmental
\npolicies and actions, where appropriate.
\n6. Parties recognize the importance of support for and international cooperation
\non adaptation efforts and the importance of taking into account the needs of
\ndeveloping country Parties, especially those that are particularly vulnerable to the
\nadverse effects of climate change.
\n7. Parties should strengthen their cooperation on enhancing action on
\nadaptation, taking into account the Cancun Adaptation Framework, including with
\nregard to:<\/p>\n

(a) Sharing information, good practices, experiences and lessons learned,
\nincluding, as appropriate, as these relate to science, planning, policies and
\nimplementation in relation to adaptation actions;
\n(b) Strengthening institutional arrangements, including those under the
\nConvention that serve this Agreement, to support the synthesis of relevant
\ninformation and knowledge, and the provision of technical support and guidance to
\nParties;
\n(c) Strengthening scientific knowledge on climate, including research,
\nsystematic observation of the climate system and early warning systems, in a
\nmanner that informs climate services and supports decision-making;
\n(d) Assisting developing country Parties in identifying effective
\nadaptation practices, adaptation needs, priorities, support provided and received for
\nadaptation actions and efforts, and challenges and gaps, in a manner consistent with
\nencouraging good practices; and
\n(e) Improving the effectiveness and durability of adaptation actions.<\/p>\n

8. United Nations specialized organizations and agencies are encouraged to
\nsupport the efforts of Parties to implement the actions referred to in paragraph 7 of
\nthis Article, taking into account the provisions of paragraph 5 of this Article.
\n9. Each Party shall, as appropriate, engage in adaptation planning processes
\nand the implementation of actions, including the development or enhancement of
\nrelevant plans, policies and\/or contributions, which may include:<\/p>\n

(a) The implementation of adaptation actions, undertakings and\/or efforts;
\n(b) The process to formulate and implement national adaptation plans;
\n(c) The assessment of climate change impacts and vulnerability, with a
\nview to formulating nationally determined prioritized actions, taking into account
\nvulnerable people, places and ecosystems;
\n(d) Monitoring and evaluating and learning from adaptation plans,
\npolicies, programs and actions; and
\n(e) Building the resilience of socioeconomic and ecological systems,
\nincluding through economic diversification and sustainable management of natural
\nresources.<\/p>\n

10. Each Party should, as appropriate, submit and update periodically an
\nadaptation communication, which may include its priorities, implementation and
\nsupport needs, plans and actions, without creating any additional burden for
\ndeveloping country Parties.
\n11. The adaptation communication referred to in paragraph 10 of this Article
\nshall be, as appropriate, submitted and updated periodically, as a component of or
\nin conjunction with other communications or documents, including a national
\nadaptation plan, a nationally determined contribution as referred to in Article 4,
\nparagraph 2, and\/or a national communication.
\n12. The adaptation communications referred to in paragraph 10 of this Article
\nshall be recorded in a public registry maintained by the secretariat.
\n13. Continuous and enhanced international support shall be provided to
\ndeveloping country Parties for the implementation of paragraphs 7, 9, 10 and 11 of
\nthis Article, in accordance with the provisions of Articles 9, 10 and 11.
\n14. The global stocktake referred to in Article 14 shall, inter alia:<\/p>\n

(a) Recognize adaptation efforts of developing country Parties;
\n(b) Enhance the implementation of adaptation action taking into account
\nthe adaptation communication referred to in paragraph 10 of this Article;
\n(c) Review the adequacy and effectiveness of adaptation and support
\nprovided for adaptation; and
\n(d) Review the overall progress made in achieving the global goal on
\nadaptation referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article.<\/p>\n

Article 8<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\n1. Parties recognize the importance of averting, minimizing and addressing loss
\nand damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change, including
\nextreme weather events and slow onset events, and the role of sustainable
\ndevelopment in reducing the risk of loss and damage.
\n2. The Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage associated with
\nClimate Change Impacts shall be subject to the authority and guidance of the
\nConference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Agreement
\nand may be enhanced and strengthened, as determined by the Conference of the
\nParties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Agreement.
\n3. Parties should enhance understanding, action and support, including through
\nthe Warsaw International Mechanism, as appropriate, on a cooperative and
\nfacilitative basis with respect to loss and damage associated with the adverse
\neffects of climate change.
\n4. Accordingly, areas of cooperation and facilitation to enhance understanding,
\naction and support may include:<\/p>\n

(a) Early warning systems;
\n(b) Emergency preparedness;
\n(c) Slow onset events;
\n(d) Events that may involve irreversible and permanent loss and damage;
\n(e) Comprehensive risk assessment and management;
\n(f) Risk insurance facilities, climate risk pooling and other insurance
\nsolutions;
\n(g) Non-economic losses; and
\n(h) Resilience of communities, livelihoods and ecosystems.<\/p>\n

5. The Warsaw International Mechanism shall collaborate with existing bodies
\nand expert groups under the Agreement, as well as relevant organizations and
\nexpert bodies outside the Agreement.<\/p>\n

Article 9<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\n1. Developed country Parties shall provide financial resources to assist
\ndeveloping country Parties with respect to both mitigation and adaptation in
\ncontinuation of their existing obligations under the Convention.
\n2. Other Parties are encouraged to provide or continue to provide such support
\nvoluntarily.
\n3. As part of a global effort, developed country Parties should continue to take
\nthe lead in mobilizing climate finance from a wide variety of sources, instruments
\nand channels, noting the significant role of public funds, through a variety of
\nactions, including supporting country-driven strategies, and taking into account the
\nneeds and priorities of developing country Parties. Such mobilization of climate
\nfinance should represent a progression beyond previous efforts.
\n4. The provision of scaled-up financial resources should aim to achieve a
\nbalance between adaptation and mitigation, taking into account country-driven
\nstrategies, and the priorities and needs of developing country Parties, especially
\nthose that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change and
\nhave significant capacity constraints, such as the least developed countries and
\nsmall island developing States, considering the need for public and grant-based
\nresources for adaptation.
\n5. Developed country Parties shall biennially communicate indicative
\nquantitative and qualitative information related to paragraphs 1 and 3 of this
\nArticle, as applicable, including, as available, projected levels of public financial
\nresources to be provided to developing country Parties. Other Parties providing
\nresources are encouraged to communicate biennially such information on a
\nvoluntary basis.
\n6. The global stocktake referred to in Article 14 shall take into account the
\nrelevant information provided by developed country Parties and\/or Agreement
\nbodies on efforts related to climate finance.
\n7. Developed country Parties shall provide transparent and consistent
\ninformation on support for developing country Parties provided and mobilized
\nthrough public interventions biennially in accordance with the modalities,
\nprocedures and guidelines to be adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as
\nthe meeting of the Parties to this Agreement, at its first session, as stipulated in
\nArticle 13, paragraph 13. Other Parties are encouraged to do so.
\n8. The Financial Mechanism of the Convention, including its operating entities,
\nshall serve as the financial mechanism of this Agreement.
\n9. The institutions serving this Agreement, including the operating entities of
\nthe Financial Mechanism of the Convention, shall aim to ensure efficient access to
\nfinancial resources through simplified approval procedures and enhanced readiness
\nsupport for developing country Parties, in particular for the least developed
\ncountries and small island developing States, in the context of their national
\nclimate strategies and plans.<\/p>\n

Article 10<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\n1. Parties share a long-term vision on the importance of fully realizing
\ntechnology development and transfer in order to improve resilience to climate
\nchange and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
\n2. Parties, noting the importance of technology for the implementation of
\nmitigation and adaptation actions under this Agreement and recognizing existing
\ntechnology deployment and dissemination efforts, shall strengthen cooperative
\naction on technology development and transfer.
\n3. The Technology Mechanism established under the Convention shall serve
\nthis Agreement.
\n4. A technology framework is hereby established to provide overarching
\nguidance to the work of the Technology Mechanism in promoting and facilitating
\nenhanced action on technology development and transfer in order to support the
\nimplementation of this Agreement, in pursuit of the long-term vision referred to in
\nparagraph 1 of this Article.
\n5. Accelerating, encouraging and enabling innovation is critical for an
\neffective, long-term global response to climate change and promoting economic
\ngrowth and sustainable development. Such effort shall be, as appropriate,
\nsupported, including by the Technology Mechanism and, through financial means,
\nby the Financial Mechanism of the Convention, for collaborative approaches to
\nresearch and development, and facilitating access to technology, in particular for
\nearly stages of the technology cycle, to developing country Parties.
\n6. Support, including financial support, shall be provided to developing country
\nParties for the implementation of this Article, including for strengthening
\ncooperative action on technology development and transfer at different stages of
\nthe technology cycle, with a view to achieving a balance between support for
\nmitigation and adaptation. The global stocktake referred to in Article 14 shall take
\ninto account available information on efforts related to support on technology
\ndevelopment and transfer for developing country Parties.<\/p>\n

Article 11<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\n1. Capacity-building under this Agreement should enhance the capacity and
\nability of developing country Parties, in particular countries with the least capacity,
\nsuch as the least developed countries, and those that are particularly vulnerable to
\nthe adverse effects of climate change, such as small island developing States, to
\ntake effective climate change action, including, inter alia, to implement adaptation
\nand mitigation actions, and should facilitate technology development,
\ndissemination and deployment, access to climate finance, relevant aspects of
\neducation, training and public awareness, and the transparent, timely and accurate
\ncommunication of information.
\n2. Capacity-building should be country-driven, based on and responsive to
\nnational needs, and foster country ownership of Parties, in particular, for
\ndeveloping country Parties, including at the national, subnational and local levels.
\nCapacity-building should be guided by lessons learned, including those from
\ncapacity-building activities under the Convention, and should be an effective,
\niterative process that is participatory, cross-cutting and gender-responsive.
\n3. All Parties should cooperate to enhance the capacity of developing country
\nParties to implement this Agreement. Developed country Parties should enhance
\nsupport for capacity-building actions in developing country Parties.
\n4. All Parties enhancing the capacity of developing country Parties to
\nimplement this Agreement, including through regional, bilateral and multilateral
\napproaches, shall regularly communicate on these actions or measures on capacity building. Developing country Parties should regularly communicate progress made
\non implementing capacity-building plans, policies, actions or measures to
\nimplement this Agreement.
\n5. Capacity-building activities shall be enhanced through appropriate
\ninstitutional arrangements to support the implementation of this Agreement,
\nincluding the appropriate institutional arrangements established under the
\nConvention that serve this Agreement. The Conference of the Parties serving as the
\nmeeting of the Parties to this Agreement shall, at its first session, consider and
\nadopt a decision on the initial institutional arrangements for capacity-building.<\/p>\n

Article 12<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nParties shall cooperate in taking measures, as appropriate, to enhance climate
\nchange education, training, public awareness, public participation and public access
\nto information, recognizing the importance of these steps with respect to enhancing
\nactions under this Agreement.<\/p>\n

Article 13<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\n1. In order to build mutual trust and confidence and to promote effective
\nimplementation, an enhanced transparency framework for action and support, with
\nbuilt-in flexibility which takes into account Parties’ different capacities and builds
\nupon collective experience is hereby established.
\n2. The transparency framework shall provide flexibility in the implementation
\nof the provisions of this Article to those developing country Parties that need it in
\nthe light of their capacities. The modalities, procedures and guidelines referred to
\nin paragraph 13 of this Article shall reflect such flexibility.
\n3. The transparency framework shall build on and enhance the transparency
\narrangements under the Convention, recognizing the special circumstances of the
\nleast developed countries and small island developing States, and be implemented
\nin a facilitative, non-intrusive, non-punitive manner, respectful of national
\nsovereignty, and avoid placing undue burden on Parties.
\n4. The transparency arrangements under the Convention, including national
\ncommunications, biennial reports and biennial update reports, international
\nassessment and review and international consultation and analysis, shall form part
\nof the experience drawn upon for the development of the modalities, procedures
\nand guidelines under paragraph 13 of this Article.
\n5. The purpose of the framework for transparency of action is to provide a clear
\nunderstanding of climate change action in the light of the objective of the
\nConvention as set out in its Article 2, including clarity and tracking of progress
\ntowards achieving Parties’ individual nationally determined contributions under
\nArticle 4, and Parties’ adaptation actions under Article 7, including good practices,
\npriorities, needs and gaps, to inform the global stocktake under Article 14.
\n6. The purpose of the framework for transparency of support is to provide
\nclarity on support provided and received by relevant individual Parties in the
\ncontext of climate change actions under Articles 4, 7, 9, 10 and 11, and, to the
\nextent possible, to provide a full overview of aggregate financial support provided,
\nto inform the global stocktake under Article 14.
\n7. Each Party shall regularly provide the following information:<\/p>\n

(a) A national inventory report of anthropogenic emissions by sources and
\nremovals by sinks of greenhouse gases, prepared using good practice
\nmethodologies accepted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and
\nagreed upon by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties
\nto this Agreement; and
\n(b) Information necessary to track progress made in implementing and
\nachieving its nationally determined contribution under Article 4.<\/p>\n

8. Each Party should also provide information related to climate change
\nimpacts and adaptation under Article 7, as appropriate.
\n9. Developed country Parties shall, and other Parties that provide support
\nshould, provide information on financial, technology transfer and capacity-building
\nsupport provided to developing country Parties under Articles 9, 10 and 11.
\n10. Developing country Parties should provide information on financial,
\ntechnology transfer and capacity-building support needed and received under
\nArticles 9, 10 and 11.
\n11. Information submitted by each Party under paragraphs 7 and 9 of this Article
\nshall undergo a technical expert review, in accordance with decision For
\nthose developing country Parties that need it in the light of their capacities, the
\nreview process shall include assistance in identifying capacity-building needs. In
\naddition, each Party shall participate in a facilitative, multilateral consideration of
\nprogress with respect to efforts under Article 9, and its respective implementation
\nand achievement of its nationally determined contribution.
\n12. The technical expert review under this paragraph shall consist of a
\nconsideration of the Party’s support provided, as relevant, and its implementation
\nand achievement of its nationally determined contribution. The review shall also
\nidentify areas of improvement for the Party, and include a review of the
\nconsistency of the information with the modalities, procedures and guidelines
\nreferred to in paragraph 13 of this Article, taking into account the flexibility
\naccorded to the Party under paragraph 2 of this Article. The review shall pay
\nparticular attention to the respective national capabilities and circumstances of
\ndeveloping country Parties.
\n13. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this
\nAgreement shall, at its first session, building on experience from the arrangements
\nrelated to transparency under the Convention, and elaborating on the provisions in
\nthis Article, adopt common modalities, procedures and guidelines, as appropriate,
\nfor the transparency of action and support.
\n14. Support shall be provided to developing countries for the implementation of
\nthis Article.
\n15. Support shall also be provided for the building of transparency-related
\ncapacity of developing country Parties on a continuous basis.<\/p>\n

Article 14<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\n1. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this
\nAgreement shall periodically take stock of the implementation of this Agreement to
\nassess the collective progress towards achieving the purpose of this Agreement and
\nits long-term goals (referred to as the “global stocktake”). It shall do so in a
\ncomprehensive and facilitative manner, considering mitigation, adaptation and the
\nmeans of implementation and support, and in the light of equity and the best
\navailable science.
\n2. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this
\nAgreement shall undertake its first global stocktake in 2023 and every five years
\nthereafter unless otherwise decided by the Conference of the Parties serving as the
\nmeeting of the Parties to this Agreement.
\n3. The outcome of the global stocktake shall inform Parties in updating and
\nenhancing, in a nationally determined manner, their actions and support in
\naccordance with the relevant provisions of this Agreement, as well as in enhancing
\ninternational cooperation for climate action.<\/p>\n

Article 15<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\n1. A mechanism to facilitate implementation of and promote compliance with
\nthe provisions of this Agreement is hereby established.
\n2. The mechanism referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article shall consist of a
\ncommittee that shall be expert-based and facilitative in nature and function in a
\nmanner that is transparent, non-adversarial and non-punitive. The committee shall
\npay particular attention to the respective national capabilities and circumstances of
\nParties.
\n3. The committee shall operate under the modalities and procedures adopted by
\nthe Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this
\nAgreement at its first session and report annually to the Conference of the Parties
\nserving as the meeting of the Parties to this Agreement.<\/p>\n

Article 16<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\n1. The Conference of the Parties, the supreme body of the Convention, shall
\nserve as the meeting of the Parties to this Agreement.
\n2. Parties to the Convention that are not Parties to this Agreement may
\nparticipate as observers in the proceedings of any session of the Conference of the
\nParties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Agreement. When the
\nConference of the Parties serves as the meeting of the Parties to this Agreement,
\ndecisions under this Agreement shall be taken only by those that are Parties to this
\nAgreement.
\n3. When the Conference of the Parties serves as the meeting of the Parties to
\nthis Agreement, any member of the Bureau of the Conference of the Parties
\nrepresenting a Party to the Convention but, at that time, not a Party to this
\nAgreement, shall be replaced by an additional member to be elected by and from
\namongst the Parties to this Agreement.
\n4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this
\nAgreement shall keep under regular review the implementation of this Agreement
\nand shall make, within its mandate, the decisions necessary to promote its effective
\nimplementation. It shall perform the functions assigned to it by this Agreement and
\nshall:<\/p>\n

(a) Establish such subsidiary bodies as deemed necessary for the
\nimplementation of this Agreement; and
\n(b) Exercise such other functions as may be required for the
\nimplementation of this Agreement.<\/p>\n

5. The rules of procedure of the Conference of the Parties and the financial
\nprocedures applied under the Convention shall be applied mutatis mutandis under
\nthis Agreement, except as may be otherwise decided by consensus by the
\nConference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Agreement.
\n6. The first session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of
\nthe Parties to this Agreement shall be convened by the secretariat in conjunction
\nwith the first session of the Conference of the Parties that is scheduled after the
\ndate of entry into force of this Agreement. Subsequent ordinary sessions of the
\nConference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Agreement
\nshall be held in conjunction with ordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties,
\nunless otherwise decided by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of
\nthe Parties to this Agreement.
\n7. Extraordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the
\nmeeting of the Parties to this Agreement shall be held at such other times as may be
\ndeemed necessary by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
\nParties to this Agreement or at the written request of any Party, provided that,
\nwithin six months of the request being communicated to the Parties by the
\nsecretariat, it is supported by at least one third of the Parties.
\n8. The United Nations and its specialized agencies and the International Atomic
\nEnergy Agency, as well as any State member thereof or observers thereto not party
\nto the Convention, may be represented at sessions of the Conference of the Parties
\nserving as the meeting of the Parties to this Agreement as observers. Any body or
\nagency, whether national or international, governmental or non-governmental,
\nwhich is qualified in matters covered by this Agreement and which has informed
\nthe secretariat of its wish to be represented at a session of the Conference of the
\nParties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Agreement as an observer, may
\nbe so admitted unless at least one third of the Parties present object. The admission
\nand participation of observers shall be subject to the rules of procedure referred to
\nin paragraph 5 of this Article.<\/p>\n

Article 17<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\n1. The secretariat established by Article 8 of the Convention shall serve as the
\nsecretariat of this Agreement.
\n2. Article 8, paragraph 2, of the Convention on the functions of the secretariat,
\nand Article 8, paragraph 3, of the Convention, on the arrangements made for the
\nfunctioning of the secretariat, shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Agreement. The
\nsecretariat shall, in addition, exercise the functions assigned to it under this
\nAgreement and by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
\nParties to this Agreement.<\/p>\n

Article 18<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\n1. The Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the
\nSubsidiary Body for Implementation established by Articles 9 and 10 of the
\nConvention shall serve, respectively, as the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and
\nTechnological Advice and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation of this
\nAgreement. The provisions of the Convention relating to the functioning of these
\ntwo bodies shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Agreement. Sessions of the
\nmeetings of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the
\nSubsidiary Body for Implementation of this Agreement shall be held in conjunction
\nwith the meetings of, respectively, the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and
\nTechnological Advice and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation of the
\nConvention.
\n2. Parties to the Convention that are not Parties to this Agreement may
\nparticipate as observers in the proceedings of any session of the subsidiary bodies.
\nWhen the subsidiary bodies serve as the subsidiary bodies of this Agreement,
\ndecisions under this Agreement shall be taken only by those that are Parties to this
\nAgreement.
\n3. When the subsidiary bodies established by Articles 9 and 10 of the
\nConvention exercise their functions with regard to matters concerning this
\nAgreement, any member of the bureaux of those subsidiary bodies representing a
\nParty to the Convention but, at that time, not a Party to this Agreement, shall be
\nreplaced by an additional member to be elected by and from amongst the Parties to
\nthis Agreement.<\/p>\n

Article 19<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\n1. Subsidiary bodies or other institutional arrangements established by or under
\nthe Convention, other than those referred to in this Agreement, shall serve this
\nAgreement upon a decision of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting
\nof the Parties to this Agreement. The Conference of the Parties serving as the
\nmeeting of the Parties to this Agreement shall specify the functions to be exercised
\nby such subsidiary bodies or arrangements.
\n2. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this
\nAgreement may provide further guidance to such subsidiary bodies and
\ninstitutional arrangements.<\/p>\n

Article 20<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\n1. This Agreement shall be open for signature and subject to ratification,
\nacceptance or approval by States and regional economic integration organizations
\nthat are Parties to the Convention. It shall be open for signature at the United
\nNations Headquarters in New York from 22 April 2016 to 21 April 2017.
\nThereafter, this Agreement shall be open for accession from the day following the
\ndate on which it is closed for signature. Instruments of ratification, acceptance,
\napproval or accession shall be deposited with the Depositary.
\n2. Any regional economic integration organization that becomes a Party to this
\nAgreement without any of its member States being a Party shall be bound by all the
\nobligations under this Agreement. In the case of regional economic integration
\norganizations with one or more member States that are Parties to this Agreement,
\nthe organization and its member States shall decide on their respective
\nresponsibilities for the performance of their obligations under this Agreement. In
\nsuch cases, the organization and the member States shall not be entitled to exercise
\nrights under this Agreement concurrently.
\n3. In their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession,
\nregional economic integration organizations shall declare the extent of their
\ncompetence with respect to the matters governed by this Agreement. These
\norganizations shall also inform the Depositary, who shall in turn inform the Parties,
\nof any substantial modification in the extent of their competence.<\/p>\n

Article 21<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\n1. This Agreement shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after the date on
\nwhich at least 55 Parties to the Convention accounting in total for at least an
\nestimated 55 per cent of the total global greenhouse gas emissions have deposited
\ntheir instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.
\n2. Solely for the limited purpose of paragraph 1 of this Article, “total global
\ngreenhouse gas emissions” means the most up-to-date amount communicated on or
\nbefore the date of adoption of this Agreement by the Parties to the Convention.
\n3. For each State or regional economic integration organization that ratifies,
\naccepts or approves this Agreement or accedes thereto after the conditions set out
\nin paragraph 1 of this Article for entry into force have been fulfilled, this
\nAgreement shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after the date of deposit by
\nsuch State or regional economic integration organization of its instrument of
\nratification, acceptance, approval or accession.
\n4. For the purposes of paragraph 1 of this Article, any instrument deposited by
\na regional economic integration organization shall not be counted as additional to
\nthose deposited by its member States.<\/p>\n

Article 22<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nThe provisions of Article 15 of the Convention on the adoption of
\namendments to the Convention shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Agreement.<\/p>\n

Article 23<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\n1. The provisions of Article 16 of the Convention on the adoption and
\namendment of annexes to the Convention shall apply mutatis mutandis to this
\nAgreement.
\n2. Annexes to this Agreement shall form an integral part thereof and, unless
\notherwise expressly provided for, a reference to this Agreement constitutes at the
\nsame time a reference to any annexes thereto. Such annexes shall be restricted to
\nlists, forms and any other material of a descriptive nature that is of a scientific,
\ntechnical, procedural or administrative character.<\/p>\n

Article 24<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nThe provisions of Article 14 of the Convention on settlement of disputes
\nshall apply mutatis mutandis to this Agreement.<\/p>\n

Article 25<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\n1. Each Party shall have one vote, except as provided for in paragraph 2 of this
\nArticle.
\n2. Regional economic integration organizations, in matters within their
\ncompetence, shall exercise their right to vote with a number of votes equal to the
\nnumber of their member States that are Parties to this Agreement. Such an
\norganization shall not exercise its right to vote if any of its member States exercises
\nits right, and vice versa.<\/p>\n

Article 26<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nThe Secretary-General of the United Nations shall be the Depositary of this
\nAgreement.<\/p>\n

Article 27<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nNo reservations may be made to this Agreement.<\/p>\n

Article 28<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\n1. At any time after three years from the date on which this Agreement has
\nentered into force for a Party, that Party may withdraw from this Agreement by
\ngiving written notification to the Depositary.
\n2. Any such withdrawal shall take effect upon expiry of one year from the date
\nof receipt by the Depositary of the notification of withdrawal, or on such later date
\nas may be specified in the notification of withdrawal.
\n3. Any Party that withdraws from the Convention shall be considered as also
\nhaving withdrawn from this Agreement.<\/p>\n

Article 29<\/strong><\/em><\/span>
\nThe original of this Agreement, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English,
\nFrench, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the
\nSecretary-General of the United Nations.
\nDONE<\/strong> at Paris this twelfth day of December two thousand and fifteen.
\nIN WITNESS WHEREOF<\/strong>, the undersigned, being duly authorized to that effect,
\nhave signed this Agreement.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The Parties to this Agreement, Being Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, hereinafter referred to as “the Convention”, Pursuant to the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action established by decision of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention at its seventeenth session, In pursuit of the objective of the Convention, and … <\/p>\n

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