The Parties to this Protocol,<\/p>\n
Being<\/strong><\/em> Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Recalling<\/strong><\/em> the provisions of the Convention,<\/p>\n Being<\/strong><\/em> guided by Article 3 of the Convention,Pursuant<\/strong><\/em> to the Berlin Mandate adopted by decision of the Conference of the Article 1<\/strong><\/em><\/span> Article 2<\/strong><\/em><\/span> (a) Implement and\/or further elaborate policies and measures in accordance with its (i) Enhancement of energy efficiency in relevant sectors of the national (b) Cooperate with other such Parties to enhance the individual and combined 2. The Parties included in Annex I shall pursue limitation or reduction of emissions of Article 3<\/strong><\/em><\/span> Article 4<\/strong><\/em><\/span> Article 5<\/strong><\/em><\/span> Article 6<\/strong><\/em><\/span> (a) Any such project has the approval of the Parties involved; 2. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol Article 7<\/strong><\/em><\/span> Article 8<\/strong><\/em><\/span> (a) The information submitted by Parties under Article 7 and the reports of the expert 6. Pursuant to its consideration of the information referred to in paragraph 5 above, Article 9<\/strong><\/em><\/span> Article 10<\/strong><\/em><\/span> (a) Formulate, where relevant and to the extent possible, cost-effective national (i) Such programs would, inter alia, concern the energy, transport and (c) Cooperate in the promotion of effective modalities for the development, Article 11<\/strong><\/em><\/span> (a) Provide new and additional financial resources to meet the agreed full costs 3. The developed country Parties and other developed Parties in Annex II to the Article 12<\/strong><\/em><\/span> (a) Parties not included in Annex I will benefit from project activities resulting in 4. The clean development mechanism shall be subject to the authority and guidance of the (a) Voluntary participation approved by each Party involved; 6. The clean development mechanism shall assist in arranging funding of certified project Article 13<\/strong><\/em><\/span> (a) Assess, on the basis of all information made available to it in accordance with the 5. The rules of procedure of the Conference of the Parties and financial procedures applied Article 14<\/strong><\/em><\/span> Article 15<\/strong><\/em><\/span> Article 16<\/strong><\/em><\/span> Article 17<\/strong><\/em><\/span> Article 18<\/strong><\/em><\/span> Article 19<\/strong><\/em><\/span> Article 20<\/strong><\/em><\/span> Article 21<\/strong><\/em><\/span> Article 22<\/strong><\/em><\/span> Article 23<\/strong><\/em><\/span> Article 24<\/strong><\/em><\/span> Article 25<\/strong><\/em><\/span> Article 26<\/strong><\/em><\/span> Article 27<\/strong><\/em><\/span> Article 28<\/strong><\/em><\/span> DONE<\/strong> at Kyoto this eleventh day of December one thousand nine hundred and Annex A<\/strong><\/span> Sectors\/source categories<\/strong> Fuel combustion<\/p>\n Energy industries Fugitive emissions from fuels<\/p>\n Solid fuels Industrial processes<\/p>\n Mineral products Solvent and other product use Enteric fermentation Waste<\/p>\n Solid waste disposal on land Annex B<\/strong><\/span> * Countries that are undergoing the process of transition to a market economy. The Parties to this Protocol, Being Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, hereinafter referred to as \u201cthe Convention\u201d, In pursuit of the ultimate objective of the Convention as stated in its Article 2, Recalling the provisions of the Convention, Being guided by Article 3 of the Convention,<\/p>
\nhereinafter referred to as \u201cthe Convention\u201d,
\nIn pursuit of the ultimate objective of the Convention as stated in its Article 2,<\/p>\n
\nParties to the Convention at its first session,
\nHave agreed as follows:<\/p>\n
\nFor the purposes of this Protocol, the definitions contained in Article 1 of the Convention
\nshall apply. In addition:
\n1. \u201cConference of the Parties\u201d means the Conference of the Parties to the Convention.
\n2. \u201cConvention\u201d means the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,
\nadopted in New York on 9 May 1992.
\n3. \u201cIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u201d means the Intergovernmental Panel on
\nClimate Change established in 1988 jointly by the World Meteorological Organization and the
\nUnited Nations Environment Program.
\n4. \u201cMontreal Protocol\u201d means the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
\nLayer, adopted in Montreal on 16 September 1987 and as subsequently adjusted and amended.
\n5. \u201cParties present and voting\u201d means Parties present and casting an affirmative or negative
\nvote.
\n6. \u201cParty\u201d means, unless the context otherwise indicates, a Party to this Protocol.
\n7. \u201cParty included in Annex I\u201d means a Party included in Annex I to the Convention, as
\nmay be amended, or a Party which has made a notification under Article 4, paragraph 2 (g), of
\nthe Convention.<\/p>\n
\n1. Each Party included in Annex I, in achieving its quantified emission limitation and
\nreduction commitments under Article 3, in order to promote sustainable development, shall:<\/p>\n
\nnational circumstances, such as:<\/p>\n
\neconomy;
\n(ii) Protection and enhancement of sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases not
\ncontrolled by the Montreal Protocol, taking into account its commitments
\nunder relevant international environmental agreements; promotion of
\nsustainable forest management practices, afforestation and reforestation;
\n(iii) Promotion of sustainable forms of agriculture in light of climate change
\nconsiderations;
\n(iv) Research on, and promotion, development and increased use of, new and
\nrenewable forms of energy, of carbon dioxide sequestration technologies
\nand of advanced and innovative environmentally sound technologies;
\n(v) Progressive reduction or phasing out of market imperfections, fiscal
\nincentives, tax and duty exemptions and subsidies in all greenhouse gas
\nemitting sectors that run counter to the objective of the Convention and
\napplication of market instruments;
\n(vi) Encouragement of appropriate reforms in relevant sectors aimed at
\npromoting policies and measures which limit or reduce emissions of
\ngreenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol;
\n(vii) Measures to limit and\/or reduce emissions of greenhouse gases not
\ncontrolled by the Montreal Protocol in the transport sector;
\n(viii) Limitation and\/or reduction of methane emissions through recovery and
\nuse in waste management, as well as in the production, transport and
\ndistribution of energy;<\/p>\n
\neffectiveness of their policies and measures adopted under this Article, pursuant to Article 4,
\nparagraph 2 (e) (i), of the Convention. To this end, these Parties shall take steps to share their
\nexperience and exchange information on such policies and measures, including developing
\nways of improving their comparability, transparency and effectiveness. The Conference of the
\nParties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session or as soon
\nas practicable thereafter, consider ways to facilitate such cooperation, taking into account all
\nrelevant information.<\/p>\n
\ngreenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol from aviation and marine bunker fuels,
\nworking through the International Civil Aviation Organization and the International Maritime
\nOrganization, respectively.
\n3. The Parties included in Annex I shall strive to implement policies and measures under
\nthis Article in such a way as to minimize adverse effects, including the adverse effects of climate
\nchange, effects on international trade, and social, environmental and economic impacts on other
\nParties, especially developing country Parties and in particular those identified in Article 4,
\nparagraphs 8 and 9, of the Convention, taking into account Article 3 of the Convention. The
\nConference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol may take further
\naction, as appropriate, to promote the implementation of the provisions of this paragraph.
\n4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol,
\nif it decides that it would be beneficial to coordinate any of the policies and measures in
\nparagraph 1 (a) above, taking into account different national circumstances and potential effects,
\nshall consider ways and means to elaborate the coordination of such policies and measures.<\/p>\n
\n1. The Parties included in Annex I shall, individually or jointly, ensure that their aggregate
\nanthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A
\ndo not exceed their assigned amounts, calculated pursuant to their quantified emission limitation
\nand reduction commitments inscribed in Annex B and in accordance with the provisions of this
\nArticle, with a view to reducing their overall emissions of such gases by at least 5 per cent
\nbelow 1990 levels in the commitment period 2008 to 2012.
\n2. Each Party included in Annex I shall, by 2005, have made demonstrable progress in
\nachieving its commitments under this Protocol.
\n3. The net changes in greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting
\nfrom direct human-induced land-use change and forestry activities, limited to afforestation,
\nreforestation and deforestation since 1990, measured as verifiable changes in carbon stocks in
\neach commitment period, shall be used to meet the commitments under this Article of each Party
\nincluded in Annex I. The greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks associated
\nwith those activities shall be reported in a transparent and verifiable manner and reviewed in
\naccordance with Articles 7 and 8.
\n4. Prior to the first session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
\nParties to this Protocol, each Party included in Annex I shall provide, for consideration by the
\nSubsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, data to establish its level of carbon
\nstocks in 1990 and to enable an estimate to be made of its changes in carbon stocks in
\nsubsequent years. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this
\nProtocol shall, at its first session or as soon as practicable thereafter, decide upon modalities,
\nrules and guidelines as to how, and which, additional human-induced activities related to
\nchanges in greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks in the agricultural soils
\nand the land-use change and forestry categories shall be added to, or subtracted from, the
\nassigned amounts for Parties included in Annex I, taking into account uncertainties, transparency
\nin reporting, verifiability, the methodological work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
\nChange, the advice provided by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice in
\naccordance with Article 5 and the decisions of the Conference of the Parties. Such a decision
\nshall apply in the second and subsequent commitment periods. A Party may choose to apply
\nsuch a decision on these additional human-induced activities for its first commitment period,
\nprovided that these activities have taken place since 1990.
\n5. The Parties included in Annex I undergoing the process of transition to a market
\neconomy whose base year or period was established pursuant to decision 9\/CP.2 of the
\nConference of the Parties at its second session shall use that base year or period for the
\nimplementation of their commitments under this Article. Any other Party included in Annex I
\nundergoing the process of transition to a market economy which has not yet submitted its first
\nnational communication under Article 12 of the Convention may also notify the Conference
\nof the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol that it intends to use an
\nhistorical base year or period other than 1990 for the implementation of its commitments under
\nthis Article. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol
\nshall decide on the acceptance of such notification.
\n6. Taking into account Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Convention, in the implementation of
\ntheir commitments under this Protocol other than those under this Article, a certain degree of
\nflexibility shall be allowed by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties
\nto this Protocol to the Parties included in Annex I undergoing the process of transition to a
\nmarket economy.
\n7. In the first quantified emission limitation and reduction commitment period, from 2008
\nto 2012, the assigned amount for each Party included in Annex I shall be equal to the percentage
\ninscribed for it in Annex B of its aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions
\nof the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A in 1990, or the base year or period determined in
\naccordance with paragraph 5 above, multiplied by five. Those Parties included in Annex I
\nfor whom land-use change and forestry constituted a net source of greenhouse gas emissions
\nin 1990 shall include in their 1990 emissions base year or period the aggregate anthropogenic
\ncarbon dioxide equivalent emissions by sources minus removals by sinks in 1990 from land-use
\nchange for the purposes of calculating their assigned amount.
\n8. Any Party included in Annex I may use 1995 as its base year for hydrofluorocarbons,
\nperfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride, for the purposes of the calculation referred to in
\nparagraph 7 above.
\n9. Commitments for subsequent periods for Parties included in Annex I shall be established
\nin amendments to Annex B to this Protocol, which shall be adopted in accordance with the
\nprovisions of Article 21, paragraph 7. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of
\nthe Parties to this Protocol shall initiate the consideration of such commitments at least
\nseven years before the end of the first commitment period referred to in paragraph 1 above.
\n10. Any emission reduction units, or any part of an assigned amount, which a Party acquires
\nfrom another Party in accordance with the provisions of Article 6 or of Article 17 shall be added
\nto the assigned amount for the acquiring Party.
\n11. Any emission reduction units, or any part of an assigned amount, which a Party transfers
\nto another Party in accordance with the provisions of Article 6 or of Article 17 shall be
\nsubtracted from the assigned amount for the transferring Party.
\n12. Any certified emission reductions which a Party acquires from another Party in
\naccordance with the provisions of Article 12 shall be added to the assigned amount for the
\nacquiring Party.
\n13. If the emissions of a Party included in Annex I in a commitment period are less than its
\nassigned amount under this Article, this difference shall, on request of that Party, be added to the
\nassigned amount for that Party for subsequent commitment periods.
\n14. Each Party included in Annex I shall strive to implement the commitments mentioned in
\nparagraph 1 above in such a way as to minimize adverse social, environmental and economic
\nimpacts on developing country Parties, particularly those identified in Article 4, paragraphs 8
\nand 9, of the Convention. In line with relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties on the
\nimplementation of those paragraphs, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
\nParties to this Protocol shall, at its first session, consider what actions are necessary to minimize
\nthe adverse effects of climate change and\/or the impacts of response measures on Parties referred
\nto in those paragraphs. Among the issues to be considered shall be the establishment of funding,
\ninsurance and transfer of technology.<\/p>\n
\n1. Any Parties included in Annex I that have reached an agreement to fulfill their
\ncommitments under Article 3 jointly, shall be deemed to have met those commitments provided
\nthat their total combined aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the
\ngreenhouse gases listed in Annex A do not exceed their assigned amounts calculated pursuant to
\ntheir quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments inscribed in Annex B and in
\naccordance with the provisions of Article 3. The respective emission level allocated to each of
\nthe Parties to the agreement shall be set out in that agreement.
\n2. The Parties to any such agreement shall notify the secretariat of the terms of the
\nagreement on the date of deposit of their instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval
\nof this Protocol, or accession thereto. The secretariat shall in turn inform the Parties and
\nsignatories to the Convention of the terms of the agreement.
\n3. Any such agreement shall remain in operation for the duration of the commitment period
\nspecified in Article 3, paragraph 7.
\n4. If Parties acting jointly do so in the framework of, and together with, a regional economic
\nintegration organization, any alteration in the composition of the organization after adoption of
\nthis Protocol shall not affect existing commitments under this Protocol. Any alteration in the
\ncomposition of the organization shall only apply for the purposes of those commitments under
\nArticle 3 that are adopted subsequent to that alteration.
\n5. In the event of failure by the Parties to such an agreement to achieve their total combined
\nlevel of emission reductions, each Party to that agreement shall be responsible for its own level
\nof emissions set out in the agreement.
\n6. If Parties acting jointly do so in the framework of, and together with, a regional economic
\nintegration organization which is itself a Party to this Protocol, each member State of that
\nregional economic integration organization individually, and together with the regional economic
\nintegration organization acting in accordance with Article 24, shall, in the event of failure to
\nachieve the total combined level of emission reductions, be responsible for its level of emissions
\nas notified in accordance with this Article.<\/p>\n
\n1. Each Party included in Annex I shall have in place, no later than one year prior to the
\nstart of the first commitment period, a national system for the estimation of anthropogenic
\nemissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the
\nMontreal Protocol. Guidelines for such national systems, which shall incorporate the
\nmethodologies specified in paragraph 2 below, shall be decided upon by the Conference of
\nthe Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol at its first session.
\n2. Methodologies for estimating anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks
\nof all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol shall be those accepted by the
\nIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties
\nat its third session. Where such methodologies are not used, appropriate adjustments shall be
\napplied according to methodologies agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties serving as the
\nmeeting of the Parties to this Protocol at its first session. Based on the work of, inter alia, the
\nIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and advice provided by the Subsidiary Body for
\nScientific and Technological Advice, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
\nParties to this Protocol shall regularly review and, as appropriate, revise such methodologies and
\nadjustments, taking fully into account any relevant decisions by the Conference of the Parties.
\nAny revision to methodologies or adjustments shall be used only for the purposes of ascertaining
\ncompliance with commitments under Article 3 in respect of any commitment period adopted
\nsubsequent to that revision.
\n3. The global warming potentials used to calculate the carbon dioxide equivalence of
\nanthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases listed in
\nAnnex A shall be those accepted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and agreed
\nupon by the Conference of the Parties at its third session. Based on the work of, inter alia, the
\nIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and advice provided by the Subsidiary Body for
\nScientific and Technological Advice, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
\nParties to this Protocol shall regularly review and, as appropriate, revise the global warming
\npotential of each such greenhouse gas, taking fully into account any relevant decisions by the
\nConference of the Parties. Any revision to a global warming potential shall apply only to
\ncommitments under Article 3 in respect of any commitment period adopted subsequent to that
\nrevision.<\/p>\n
\n1. For the purpose of meeting its commitments under Article 3, any Party included in
\nAnnex I may transfer to, or acquire from, any other such Party emission reduction units resulting
\nfrom projects aimed at reducing anthropogenic emissions by sources or enhancing anthropogenic
\nremovals by sinks of greenhouse gases in any sector of the economy, provided that:<\/p>\n
\n(b) Any such project provides a reduction in emissions by sources, or an
\nenhancement of removals by sinks, that is additional to any that would otherwise occur;
\n(c) It does not acquire any emission reduction units if it is not in compliance with its
\nobligations under Articles 5 and 7; and
\n(d) The acquisition of emission reduction units shall be supplemental to domestic
\nactions for the purposes of meeting commitments under Article 3.<\/p>\n
\nmay, at its first session or as soon as practicable thereafter, further elaborate guidelines for
\nthe implementation of this Article, including for verification and reporting.
\n3. A Party included in Annex I may authorize legal entities to participate, under its
\nresponsibility, in actions leading to the generation, transfer or acquisition under this Article
\nof emission reduction units.
\n4. If a question of implementation by a Party included in Annex I of the requirements
\nreferred to in this Article is identified in accordance with the relevant provisions of Article 8,
\ntransfers and acquisitions of emission reduction units may continue to be made after the
\nquestion has been identified, provided that any such units may not be used by a Party to meet
\nits commitments under Article 3 until any issue of compliance is resolved.<\/p>\n
\n1. Each Party included in Annex I shall incorporate in its annual inventory of anthropogenic
\nemissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal
\nProtocol, submitted in accordance with the relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties,
\nthe necessary supplementary information for the purposes of ensuring compliance with Article 3,
\nto be determined in accordance with paragraph 4 below.
\n2. Each Party included in Annex I shall incorporate in its national communication,
\nsubmitted under Article 12 of the Convention, the supplementary information necessary to
\ndemonstrate compliance with its commitments under this Protocol, to be determined in
\naccordance with paragraph 4 below.
\n3. Each Party included in Annex I shall submit the information required under paragraph 1
\nabove annually, beginning with the first inventory due under the Convention for the first year
\nof the commitment period after this Protocol has entered into force for that Party. Each such
\nParty shall submit the information required under paragraph 2 above as part of the first national
\ncommunication due under the Convention after this Protocol has entered into force for it and
\nafter the adoption of guidelines as provided for in paragraph 4 below. The frequency of
\nsubsequent submission of information required under this Article shall be determined by the
\nConference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, taking into
\naccount any timetable for the submission of national communications decided upon by the
\nConference of the Parties.
\n4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall
\nadopt at its first session, and review periodically thereafter, guidelines for the preparation of the
\ninformation required under this Article, taking into account guidelines for the preparation of
\nnational communications by Parties included in Annex I adopted by the Conference of the
\nParties. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol
\nshall also, prior to the first commitment period, decide upon modalities for the accounting of
\nassigned amounts.<\/p>\n
\n1. The information submitted under Article 7 by each Party included in Annex I shall be
\nreviewed by expert review teams pursuant to the relevant decisions of the Conference of the
\nParties and in accordance with guidelines adopted for this purpose by the Conference of the
\nParties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol under paragraph 4 below. The
\ninformation submitted under Article 7, paragraph 1, by each Party included in Annex I shall be
\nreviewed as part of the annual compilation and accounting of emissions inventories and assigned
\namounts. Additionally, the information submitted under Article 7, paragraph 2, by each Party
\nincluded in Annex I shall be reviewed as part of the review of communications.
\n2. Expert review teams shall be coordinated by the secretariat and shall be composed of
\nexperts selected from those nominated by Parties to the Convention and, as appropriate, by
\nintergovernmental organizations, in accordance with guidance provided for this purpose by the
\nConference of the Parties.
\n3. The review process shall provide a thorough and comprehensive technical assessment
\nof all aspects of the implementation by a Party of this Protocol. The expert review teams shall
\nprepare a report to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this
\nProtocol, assessing the implementation of the commitments of the Party and identifying any
\npotential problems in, and factors influencing, the fulfillment of commitments. Such reports
\nshall be circulated by the secretariat to all Parties to the Convention. The secretariat shall list
\nthose questions of implementation indicated in such reports for further consideration by the
\nConference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.
\n4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol
\nshall adopt at its first session, and review periodically thereafter, guidelines for the review
\nof implementation of this Protocol by expert review teams taking into account the relevant
\ndecisions of the Conference of the Parties.
\n5. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol
\nshall, with the assistance of the Subsidiary Body for Implementation and, as appropriate, the
\nSubsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, consider:<\/p>\n
\nreviews thereon conducted under this Article; and
\n(b) Those questions of implementation listed by the secretariat under paragraph 3
\nabove, as well as any questions raised by Parties.<\/p>\n
\nthe Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall take
\ndecisions on any matter required for the implementation of this Protocol.<\/p>\n
\n1. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol
\nshall periodically review this Protocol in the light of the best available scientific information
\nand assessments on climate change and its impacts, as well as relevant technical, social and
\neconomic information. Such reviews shall be coordinated with pertinent reviews under
\nthe Convention, in particular those required by Article 4, paragraph 2 (d), and Article 7,
\nparagraph 2 (a), of the Convention. Based on these reviews, the Conference of the Parties
\nserving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall take appropriate action.
\n2. The first review shall take place at the second session of the Conference of the Parties
\nserving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. Further reviews shall take place at regular
\nintervals and in a timely manner.<\/p>\n
\nAll Parties, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and their
\nspecific national and regional development priorities, objectives and circumstances, without
\nintroducing any new commitments for Parties not included in Annex I, but reaffirming existing
\ncommitments under Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention, and continuing to advance the
\nimplementation of these commitments in order to achieve sustainable development, taking into
\naccount Article 4, paragraphs 3, 5 and 7, of the Convention, shall:<\/p>\n
\nand, where appropriate, regional programs to improve the quality of local emission factors,
\nactivity data and\/or models which reflect the socio-economic conditions of each Party for the
\npreparation and periodic updating of national inventories of anthropogenic emissions by sources
\nand removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, using
\ncomparable methodologies to be agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties, and consistent
\nwith the guidelines for the preparation of national communications adopted by the Conference
\nof the Parties;
\n(b) Formulate, implement, publish and regularly update national and, where
\nappropriate, regional programs containing measures to mitigate climate change and measures
\nto facilitate adequate adaptation to climate change:<\/p>\n
\nindustry sectors as well as agriculture, forestry and waste management.
\nFurthermore, adaptation technologies and methods for improving spatial
\nplanning would improve adaptation to climate change; and
\n(ii) Parties included in Annex I shall submit information on action under this
\nProtocol, including national programmes, in accordance with Article 7;
\nand other Parties shall seek to include in their national communications,
\nas appropriate, information on programmes which contain measures that
\nthe Party believes contribute to addressing climate change and its adverse
\nimpacts, including the abatement of increases in greenhouse gas emissions,
\nand enhancement of and removals by sinks, capacity building and
\nadaptation measures;<\/p>\n
\napplication and diffusion of, and take all practicable steps to promote, facilitate and finance,
\nas appropriate, the transfer of, or access to, environmentally sound technologies, know-how,
\npractices and processes pertinent to climate change, in particular to developing countries,
\nincluding the formulation of policies and programmes for the effective transfer of
\nenvironmentally sound technologies that are publicly owned or in the public domain and the
\ncreation of an enabling environment for the private sector, to promote and enhance the transfer
\nof, and access to, environmentally sound technologies;
\n(d) Cooperate in scientific and technical research and promote the maintenance and
\nthe development of systematic observation systems and development of data archives to reduce
\nuncertainties related to the climate system, the adverse impacts of climate change and the
\neconomic and social consequences of various response strategies, and promote the development
\nand strengthening of endogenous capacities and capabilities to participate in international and
\nintergovernmental efforts, programs and networks on research and systematic observation,
\ntaking into account Article 5 of the Convention;
\n(e) Cooperate in and promote at the international level, and, where appropriate, using
\nexisting bodies, the development and implementation of education and training programs,
\nincluding the strengthening of national capacity building, in particular human and institutional
\ncapacities and the exchange or secondment of personnel to train experts in this field, in particular
\nfor developing countries, and facilitate at the national level public awareness of, and public
\naccess to information on, climate change. Suitable modalities should be developed to implement
\nthese activities through the relevant bodies of the Convention, taking into account Article 6 of
\nthe Convention;
\n(f) Include in their national communications information on programs and
\nactivities undertaken pursuant to this Article in accordance with relevant decisions of the
\nConference of the Parties; and
\n(g) Give full consideration, in implementing the commitments under this Article,
\nto Article 4, paragraph 8, of the Convention.<\/p>\n
\n1. In the implementation of Article 10, Parties shall take into account the provisions of
\nArticle 4, paragraphs 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9, of the Convention.
\n2. In the context of the implementation of Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention, in
\naccordance with the provisions of Article 4, paragraph 3, and Article 11 of the Convention,
\nand through the entity or entities entrusted with the operation of the financial mechanism of the
\nConvention, the developed country Parties and other developed Parties included in Annex II to
\nthe Convention shall:<\/p>\n
\nincurred by developing country Parties in advancing the implementation of existing
\ncommitments under Article 4, paragraph 1 (a), of the Convention that are covered inArticle 10, subparagraph (a); and
\n(b) Also provide such financial resources, including for the transfer of technology,
\nneeded by the developing country Parties to meet the agreed full incremental costs of advancing
\nthe implementation of existing commitments under Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention that
\nare covered by Article 10 and that are agreed between a developing country Party and the
\ninternational entity or entities referred to in Article 11 of the Convention, in accordance with
\nthat Article.
\nThe implementation of these existing commitments shall take into account the need for adequacy
\nand predictability in the flow of funds and the importance of appropriate burden sharing among
\ndeveloped country Parties. The guidance to the entity or entities entrusted with the operation of
\nthe financial mechanism of the Convention in relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties,
\nincluding those agreed before the adoption of this Protocol, shall apply mutatis mutandis to the
\nprovisions of this paragraph.<\/p>\n
\nConvention may also provide, and developing country Parties avail themselves of, financial
\nresources for the implementation of Article 10, through bilateral, regional and other multilateral
\nchannels.<\/p>\n
\n1. A clean development mechanism is hereby defined.
\n2. The purpose of the clean development mechanism shall be to assist Parties not included
\nin Annex I in achieving sustainable development and in contributing to the ultimate objective
\nof the Convention, and to assist Parties included in Annex I in achieving compliance with their
\nquantified emission limitation and reduction commitments under Article 3.
\n3. Under the clean development mechanism:<\/p>\n
\ncertified emission reductions; and
\n(b) Parties included in Annex I may use the certified emission reductions accruing
\nfrom such project activities to contribute to compliance with part of their quantified emission
\nlimitation and reduction commitments under Article 3, as determined by the Conference of the
\nParties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.<\/p>\n
\nConference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol and be supervised
\nby an executive board of the clean development mechanism.
\n5. Emission reductions resulting from each project activity shall be certified by operational
\nentities to be designated by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to
\nthis Protocol, on the basis of:<\/p>\n
\n(b) Real, measurable, and long-term benefits related to the mitigation of climate
\nchange; and
\n(c) Reductions in emissions that are additional to any that would occur in the absence
\nof the certified project activity.<\/p>\n
\nactivities as necessary.
\n7. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol
\nshall, at its first session, elaborate modalities and procedures with the objective of ensuring
\ntransparency, efficiency and accountability through independent auditing and verification of
\nproject activities.
\n8. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall
\nensure that a share of the proceeds from certified project activities is used to cover administrative
\nexpenses as well as to assist developing country Parties that are particularly vulnerable to the
\nadverse effects of climate change to meet the costs of adaptation.
\n9. Participation under the clean development mechanism, including in activities mentioned
\nin paragraph 3 (a) above and in the acquisition of certified emission reductions, may involve
\nprivate and\/or public entities, and is to be subject to whatever guidance may be provided by the
\nexecutive board of the clean development mechanism.
\n10. Certified emission reductions obtained during the period from the year 2000 up to the
\nbeginning of the first commitment period can be used to assist in achieving compliance in the
\nfirst commitment period.<\/p>\n
\n1. The Conference of the Parties, the supreme body of the Convention, shall serve as the
\nmeeting of the Parties to this Protocol.
\n2. Parties to the Convention that are not Parties to this Protocol may participate as observers
\nin the proceedings of any session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
\nParties to this Protocol. When the Conference of the Parties serves as the meeting of the Parties
\nto this Protocol, decisions under this Protocol shall be taken only by those that are Parties to this
\nProtocol.
\n3. When the Conference of the Parties serves as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol,
\nany member of the Bureau of the Conference of the Parties representing a Party to the
\nConvention but, at that time, not a Party to this Protocol, shall be replaced by an additional
\nmember to be elected by and from amongst the Parties to this Protocol.
\n4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol
\nshall keep under regular review the implementation of this Protocol and shall make, within its
\nmandate, the decisions necessary to promote its effective implementation. It shall perform the
\nfunctions assigned to it by this Protocol and shall:<\/p>\n
\nprovisions of this Protocol, the implementation of this Protocol by the Parties, the overall effects
\nof the measures taken pursuant to this Protocol, in particular environmental, economic and social
\neffects as well as their cumulative impacts and the extent to which progress towards the objective
\nof the Convention is being achieved;
\n(b) Periodically examine the obligations of the Parties under this Protocol, giving due
\nconsideration to any reviews required by Article 4, paragraph 2 (d), and Article 7, paragraph 2,
\nof the Convention, in the light of the objective of the Convention, the experience gained in its
\nimplementation and the evolution of scientific and technological knowledge, and in this respect
\nconsider and adopt regular reports on the implementation of this Protocol;
\n(c) Promote and facilitate the exchange of information on measures adopted by the
\nParties to address climate change and its effects, taking into account the differing circumstances,
\nresponsibilities and capabilities of the Parties and their respective commitments under this
\nProtocol;
\n(d) Facilitate, at the request of two or more Parties, the coordination of measures
\nadopted by them to address climate change and its effects, taking into account the differing
\ncircumstances, responsibilities and capabilities of the Parties and their respective commitments
\nunder this Protocol;
\n(e) Promote and guide, in accordance with the objective of the Convention and
\nthe provisions of this Protocol, and taking fully into account the relevant decisions by
\nthe Conference of the Parties, the development and periodic refinement of comparable
\nmethodologies for the effective implementation of this Protocol, to be agreed on by the
\nConference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol;
\n(f) Make recommendations on any matters necessary for the implementation of
\nthis Protocol;
\n(g) Seek to mobilize additional financial resources in accordance with Article 11,
\nparagraph 2;
\n(h) Establish such subsidiary bodies as are deemed necessary for the implementation
\nof this Protocol;
\n(i) Seek and utilize, where appropriate, the services and cooperation of, and
\ninformation provided by, competent international organizations and intergovernmental and
\nnon-governmental bodies; and
\n(j) Exercise such other functions as may be required for the implementation of this
\nProtocol, and consider any assignment resulting from a decision by the Conference of the
\nParties.<\/p>\n
\nunder the Convention shall be applied mutatis mutandis under this Protocol, except as may be
\notherwise decided by consensus by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
\nParties to this Protocol.
\n6. The first session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to
\nthis Protocol shall be convened by the secretariat in conjunction with the first session of the
\nConference of the Parties that is scheduled after the date of the entry into force of this Protocol.
\nSubsequent ordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
\nParties to this Protocol shall be held every year and in conjunction with ordinary sessions of the
\nConference of the Parties, unless otherwise decided by the Conference of the Parties serving as
\nthe meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.
\n7. Extraordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
\nParties to this Protocol shall be held at such other times as may be deemed necessary by the
\nConference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, or at the written
\nrequest of any Party, provided that, within six months of the request being communicated to the
\nParties by the secretariat, it is supported by at least one third of the Parties.
\n8. The United Nations, its specialized agencies and the International Atomic Energy
\nAgency, as well as any State member thereof or observers thereto not party to the Convention,
\nmay be represented at sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
\nParties to this Protocol as observers. Any body or agency, whether national or international,
\ngovernmental or non-governmental, which is qualified in matters covered by this Protocol
\nand which has informed the secretariat of its wish to be represented at a session of the
\nConference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol as an observer,
\nmay be so admitted unless at least one third of the Parties present object. The admission and
\nparticipation of observers shall be subject to the rules of procedure, as referred to in paragraph 5
\nabove.<\/p>\n
\n1. The secretariat established by Article 8 of the Convention shall serve as the secretariat
\nof this Protocol.
\n2. Article 8, paragraph 2, of the Convention on the functions of the secretariat, and
\nArticle 8, paragraph 3, of the Convention on arrangements made for the functioning of the
\nsecretariat, shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Protocol. The secretariat shall, in addition,
\nexercise the functions assigned to it under this Protocol.<\/p>\n
\n1. The Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary Body
\nfor Implementation established by Articles 9 and 10 of the Convention shall serve as,
\nrespectively, the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary
\nBody for Implementation of this Protocol. The provisions relating to the functioning of these
\ntwo bodies under the Convention shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Protocol. Sessions of the
\nmeetings of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary
\nBody for Implementation of this Protocol shall be held in conjunction with the meetings of,
\nrespectively, the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary
\nBody for Implementation of the Convention.
\n2. Parties to the Convention that are not Parties to this Protocol may participate as observers
\nin the proceedings of any session of the subsidiary bodies. When the subsidiary bodies serve as
\nthe subsidiary bodies of this Protocol, decisions under this Protocol shall be taken only by those
\nthat are Parties to this Protocol.
\n3. When the subsidiary bodies established by Articles 9 and 10 of the Convention exercise
\ntheir functions with regard to matters concerning this Protocol, any member of the Bureaux of
\nthose subsidiary bodies representing a Party to the Convention but, at that time, not a party to
\nthis Protocol, shall be replaced by an additional member to be elected by and from amongst the
\nParties to this Protocol.<\/p>\n
\nThe Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall,
\nas soon as practicable, consider the application to this Protocol of, and modify as appropriate,
\nthe multilateral consultative process referred to in Article 13 of the Convention, in the light of
\nany relevant decisions that may be taken by the Conference of the Parties. Any multilateral
\nconsultative process that may be applied to this Protocol shall operate without prejudice to the
\nprocedures and mechanisms established in accordance with Article 18.<\/p>\n
\nThe Conference of the Parties shall define the relevant principles, modalities, rules and
\nguidelines, in particular for verification, reporting and accountability for emissions trading. The
\nParties included in Annex B may participate in emissions trading for the purposes of fulfilling
\ntheir commitments under Article 3. Any such trading shall be supplemental to domestic actions
\nfor the purpose of meeting quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments under that
\nArticle.<\/p>\n
\nThe Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall,
\nat its first session, approve appropriate and effective procedures and mechanisms to determine
\nand to address cases of non-compliance with the provisions of this Protocol, including through
\nthe development of an indicative list of consequences, taking into account the cause, type, degree
\nand frequency of non-compliance. Any procedures and mechanisms under this Article entailing
\nbinding consequences shall be adopted by means of an amendment to this Protocol.<\/p>\n
\nThe provisions of Article 14 of the Convention on settlement of disputes shall apply
\nmutatis mutandis to this Protocol.<\/p>\n
\n1. Any Party may propose amendments to this Protocol.
\n2. Amendments to this Protocol shall be adopted at an ordinary session of the Conference
\nof the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. The text of any proposed
\namendment to this Protocol shall be communicated to the Parties by the secretariat at least
\nsix months before the meeting at which it is proposed for adoption. The secretariat shall also
\ncommunicate the text of any proposed amendments to the Parties and signatories to the
\nConvention and, for information, to the Depositary.
\n3. The Parties shall make every effort to reach agreement on any proposed amendment to
\nthis Protocol by consensus. If all efforts at consensus have been exhausted, and no agreement
\nreached, the amendment shall as a last resort be adopted by a three-fourths majority vote of the
\nParties present and voting at the meeting. The adopted amendment shall be communicated by
\nthe secretariat to the Depositary, who shall circulate it to all Parties for their acceptance.
\n4. Instruments of acceptance in respect of an amendment shall be deposited with the
\nDepositary. An amendment adopted in accordance with paragraph 3 above shall enter into
\nforce for those Parties having accepted it on the ninetieth day after the date of receipt by the
\nDepositary of an instrument of acceptance by at least three fourths of the Parties to this Protocol.
\n5. The amendment shall enter into force for any other Party on the ninetieth day after the
\ndate on which that Party deposits with the Depositary its instrument of acceptance of the said
\namendment.<\/p>\n
\n1. Annexes to this Protocol shall form an integral part thereof and, unless otherwise
\nexpressly provided, a reference to this Protocol constitutes at the same time a reference to
\nany annexes thereto. Any annexes adopted after the entry into force of this Protocol shall be
\nrestricted to lists, forms and any other material of a descriptive nature that is of a scientific,
\ntechnical, procedural or administrative character.
\n2. Any Party may make proposals for an annex to this Protocol and may propose
\namendments to annexes to this Protocol.
\n3. Annexes to this Protocol and amendments to annexes to this Protocol shall be adopted at
\nan ordinary session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this
\nProtocol. The text of any proposed annex or amendment to an annex shall be communicated to
\nthe Parties by the secretariat at least six months before the meeting at which it is proposed for
\nadoption. The secretariat shall also communicate the text of any proposed annex or amendment
\nto an annex to the Parties and signatories to the Convention and, for information, to the
\nDepositary.
\n4. The Parties shall make every effort to reach agreement on any proposed annex or
\namendment to an annex by consensus. If all efforts at consensus have been exhausted, and no
\nagreement reached, the annex or amendment to an annex shall as a last resort be adopted by a
\nthree-fourths majority vote of the Parties present and voting at the meeting. The adopted annex
\nor amendment to an annex shall be communicated by the secretariat to the Depositary, who shall
\ncirculate it to all Parties for their acceptance.
\n5. An annex, or amendment to an annex other than Annex A or B, that has been adopted in
\naccordance with paragraphs 3 and 4 above shall enter into force for all Parties to this Protocol
\nsix months after the date of the communication by the Depositary to such Parties of the adoption
\nof the annex or adoption of the amendment to the annex, except for those Parties that have
\nnotified the Depositary, in writing, within that period of their non-acceptance of the annex or
\namendment to the annex. The annex or amendment to an annex shall enter into force for Parties
\nwhich withdraw their notification of non-acceptance on the ninetieth day after the date on which
\nwithdrawal of such notification has been received by the Depositary.
\n6. If the adoption of an annex or an amendment to an annex involves an amendment to this
\nProtocol, that annex or amendment to an annex shall not enter into force until such time as the
\namendment to this Protocol enters into force.
\n7. Amendments to Annexes A and B to this Protocol shall be adopted and enter into force
\nin accordance with the procedure set out in Article 20, provided that any amendment to Annex B
\nshall be adopted only with the written consent of the Party concerned.<\/p>\n
\n1. Each Party shall have one vote, except as provided for in paragraph 2 below.
\n2. Regional economic integration organizations, in matters within their competence, shall
\nexercise their right to vote with a number of votes equal to the number of their member States
\nthat are Parties to this Protocol. Such an organization shall not exercise its right to vote if any
\nof its member States exercises its right, and vice versa.<\/p>\n
\nThe Secretary-General of the United Nations shall be the Depositary of this Protocol.<\/p>\n
\n1. This Protocol shall be open for signature and subject to ratification, acceptance or
\napproval by States and regional economic integration organizations which are Parties to the
\nConvention. It shall be open for signature at United Nations Headquarters in New York from
\n16 March 1998 to 15 March 1999. This Protocol shall be open for accession from the day after
\nthe date on which it is closed for signature. Instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or
\naccession shall be deposited with the Depositary.
\n2. Any regional economic integration organization which becomes a Party to this Protocol
\nwithout any of its member States being a Party shall be bound by all the obligations under this
\nProtocol. In the case of such organizations, one or more of whose member States is a Party
\nto this Protocol, the organization and its member States shall decide on their respective
\nresponsibilities for the performance of their obligations under this Protocol. In such cases, the
\norganization and the member States shall not be entitled to exercise rights under this Protocol
\nconcurrently.
\n3. In their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, regional economic
\nintegration organizations shall declare the extent of their competence with respect to the matters
\ngoverned by this Protocol. These organizations shall also inform the Depositary, who shall in
\nturn inform the Parties, of any substantial modification in the extent of their competence.<\/p>\n
\n1. This Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after the date on which not less
\nthan 55 Parties to the Convention, incorporating Parties included in Annex I which accounted in
\ntotal for at least 55 per cent of the total carbon dioxide emissions for 1990 of the Parties included
\nin Annex I, have deposited their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.
\n2. For the purposes of this Article, \u201cthe total carbon dioxide emissions for 1990 of the
\nParties included in Annex I\u201d means the amount communicated on or before the date of adoption
\nof this Protocol by the Parties included in Annex I in their first national communications
\nsubmitted in accordance with Article 12 of the Convention.
\n3. For each State or regional economic integration organization that ratifies, accepts or
\napproves this Protocol or accedes thereto after the conditions set out in paragraph 1 above for
\nentry into force have been fulfilled, this Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day
\nfollowing the date of deposit of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.
\n4. For the purposes of this Article, any instrument deposited by a regional economic
\nintegration organization shall not be counted as additional to those deposited by States members
\nof the organization.<\/p>\n
\nNo reservations may be made to this Protocol.<\/p>\n
\n1. At any time after three years from the date on which this Protocol has entered into force
\nfor a Party, that Party may withdraw from this Protocol by giving written notification to the
\nDepositary.
\n2. Any such withdrawal shall take effect upon expiry of one year from the date of receipt by
\nthe Depositary of the notification of withdrawal, or on such later date as may be specified in the
\nnotification of withdrawal.
\n3. Any Party that withdraws from the Convention shall be considered as also having
\nwithdrawn from this Protocol.<\/p>\n
\nThe original of this Protocol, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian
\nand Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the
\nUnited Nations.<\/p>\n
\nninety-seven.
\nIN WITNESS WHEREOF<\/strong> the undersigned, being duly authorized to that effect, have
\naffixed their signatures to this Protocol on the dates indicated.<\/p>\n
\nGreenhouse gases<\/strong>
\nCarbon dioxide (C02)
\nMethane (CH4)
\nNitrous oxide (N20)
\nHydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
\nPerfluorocarbons (PFCs)
\nSulphur hexafluoride (SF6)<\/p>\n
\nEnergy<\/p>\n
\nManufacturing industries and construction
\nTransport
\nOther sectors
\nOther<\/p>\n
\nOil and natural gas
\nOther<\/p>\n
\nChemical industry
\nMetal production
\nOther production
\nProduction of halocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride
\nConsumption of halocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride
\nOther<\/p>\n
\nAgriculture<\/p>\n
\nManure management
\nRice cultivation
\nAgricultural soils
\nPrescribed burning of savannas
\nField burning of agricultural residues
\nOther<\/p>\n
\nWastewater handling
\nWaste incineration
\nOther<\/p>\n
\nParty Quantified emission limitation or reduction commitment
\n(percentage of base year or period)
\nAustralia 108
\nAustria 92
\nBelgium 92
\nBulgaria* 92
\nCanada 94
\nCroatia* 95
\nCzech Republic* 92
\nDenmark 92
\nEstonia* 92
\nEuropean Community 92
\nFinland 92
\nFrance 92
\nGermany 92
\nGreece 92
\nHungary* 94
\nIceland 110
\nIreland 92
\nItaly 92
\nJapan 94
\nLatvia* 92
\nLiechtenstein 92
\nLithuania* 92
\nLuxembourg 92
\nMonaco 92
\nNetherlands 92
\nNew Zealand 100
\nNorway 101
\nPoland* 94
\nPortugal 92
\nRomania* 92
\nRussian Federation* 100
\nSlovakia* 92
\nSlovenia* 92
\nSpain 92
\nSweden 92
\nSwitzerland 92
\nUkraine* 100
\nUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 92
\nUnited States of America 93<\/p>\n
\n—–<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"